IPS/CA2 Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics

Biopharmaceutics

Studies drug properties, dosage forms, and absorption.

Pharmacokinetics

Analyzes drug movement in the body over time.

Absorption

Process of drug entering systemic circulation.

Distribution

Dispersion of drug throughout body fluids and tissues.

Metabolism

Chemical alteration of drug by the body.

Excretion

Removal of drug from the body.

Cmax

Maximum plasma concentration of a drug.

MEC

Minimum effective concentration for pharmacologic activity.

MTC

Minimum toxic concentration causing adverse effects.

tmax

Time to reach maximum plasma concentration.

Therapeutic window

Range between MEC and MTC for efficacy.

Duration of action

Time drug remains effective in the body.

Elimination phase

Period when drug concentration decreases in plasma.

Intravascular administration

Direct delivery into bloodstream (e.g., IV).

Extravascular administration

Delivery outside the bloodstream (e.g., oral).

Oral route

Drug taken by mouth for absorption.

Buccal route

Drug placed between gums and cheek.

Sublingual route

Drug placed under the tongue for absorption.

Parenteral route

Injection method bypassing gastrointestinal tract.

Inhalational route

Drug delivered through respiratory system.

Drug delivery system

Method designed to administer medication effectively.

Pharmacologic testing

Assessing drug effects and efficacy in organisms.

Toxicological testing

Evaluating drug safety and potential toxicity.

Intranasal

Administered into the nasal cavity.

Ocular

Administered into the eye.

Vaginal

Administered into the vagina.

Urethral

Administered into the urethra.

Intravascular

Administration directly into the vascular system.

Extravascular

Administration outside the vascular system.

Intravenous

Administered into a peripheral vein.

Bolus

Rapid administration of a drug.

Infusion

Continuous administration of a drug.

Intraarterial

Administered directly into an artery.

Intracardiac

Administered into the heart chamber.

Streptokinase

Used for treating myocardial infarction.

Enteral

Administration via the gastrointestinal tract.

Oral

Administered into the oral cavity.

First Pass Effect

Metabolism of drug before systemic circulation.

Buccal

Administered into the buccal cavity.

Sublingual

Administered under the tongue.

Rectal

Administered into the rectum.

Subcutaneous

Administered under the skin.

Intramuscular

Administered into the muscle.

Inhalational

Administered via inhalation into the lungs.

Transdermal

Administered through the skin using patches.

Intradermal

Administered into the dermis.

Intraarticular

Administered into the joint space.

Intrathecal

Administered directly into the spinal canal.

Subcutaneous drug limit

Maximum drug volume: 3mL for subcutaneous administration.

Oral administration advantage

Variety of dosage forms available for oral use.

Physiological factors

Body functions influencing drug absorption rates.

Formulation factors

Drug composition affecting absorption characteristics.

Pathological factors

Diseases impacting drug absorption efficiency.

Pharmacological factors

Drug properties that alter absorption dynamics.

Membrane physiology

Two phospholipid layers with protein surfaces.

Semipermeable membrane

Allows selective passage of substances.

Easy passage substances

Nonionized, nonpolar, low molecular weight drugs.

Difficult passage substances

Ionized, polar, high molecular weight compounds.

Passive diffusion

Movement from high to low concentration, no energy.

Fick's Law

Describes passive diffusion based on concentration gradient.

Carrier mediated transport

Involves specific binding sites for solute transport.

Active transport

Energy-requiring movement against concentration gradient.

Facilitated diffusion

Non-energy requiring movement along concentration gradient.

Convective transport

Solvent drag moves substances through tight junctions.

Vesicular transport

Engulfing particles by cells for absorption.

Pinocytosis

Cell drinking; absorbs small particles and liquids.

Phagocytosis

Cell eating; engulfs larger particles.

Endocytosis

Movement of particles into the cell.

Exocytosis

Movement of particles out of the cell.

Transporter proteins

Proteins facilitating movement of substances across membranes.

Ion Pair Formation

Drug and oppositely charged ion form neutral molecule.

Small Intestines

Primary site for drug absorption in GIT.

Gastrointestinal Physiology

Study of GIT components and their functions.

Gastric Emptying

Rate at which stomach contents enter intestines.

Blood Flow

Higher flow enhances drug absorption efficiency.

Gastrointestinal pH

Affects drug ionization and absorption extent.

Intestinal Motility

Slower movement improves drug absorption rates.

Microbial Flora

Gut bacteria impacting drug metabolism and absorption.

Stomach

Pouch-like organ with acidic environment for digestion.

Duodenum

First section of small intestine for absorption.

Jejunum

Middle section of small intestine, major absorption site.

Ileum

Final section of small intestine, absorbs specific nutrients.

Villi

Finger-like projections increasing intestinal surface area.

Microvilli

Tiny projections on villi enhancing absorption capacity.

Large Intestine

Absorbs remaining water and some drugs.

Dissolution Rate

Speed at which a drug dissolves in solution.

Partition Coefficient

Solubility ratio in non-aqueous vs aqueous solvents.

Particle Size

Smaller size increases surface area and dissolution.

Solubility

Ability of a drug to dissolve in a solvent.

Formulation Factors

Characteristics of drug preparation affecting absorption.

Physicochemical Properties

Physical and chemical characteristics influencing drug behavior.

Food Effects

Food can delay drug absorption and transit.

Partition Coefficient

Ratio of drug concentration in two phases.

Polymorphism

Drug's ability to exist in multiple crystalline forms.

Amorphous Form

Higher dissolution rate than crystalline form.

Rate-Limiting Step

Slowest step in drug release process.

Dissolution

Rate-limiting step for poorly soluble drugs.

Noyes-Whitney Equation

Describes dissolution rate of solid drugs.

Enteric Coating

Protects drug from gastric degradation.

BCS Classification

Predicts in vivo pharmacokinetics of drugs.