topic 4 & 5

Alliances

• Agreements between countries to support and defend one another during conflict

• make war more widespread - draw other countries in

Appeasement

• policy of giving in to an aggressor’s demands to avoid war

• ex: at Munich Conference, Britain let Hitler take Sudetenland to keep peace

Domestic Policy

Government decisions and actions with issues within a country

• ex: healthcare, education, changing laws

Foreign Policy

Government decisions and actions with a country’s official relations with other countries

• ex: signing treaties, cooperating with international organizations

Imperialism

• policy of extending a nation’s control over other lands for resources, power, and status

• competition increased tension between major powers

Militarism

• build-up and glorification of military power

• increased army/navies sizes

• increased military spending

• developed powerful weapons

National Interest

goal/priority that a nation believes is important to its survival, security, identity, success

Treaty of Versailles

• 1919 peace agreement that officially ended World War I between Germany and the Allied Powers

• imposed harsh conditions on Germany

pursuing national interests

• Security & Safety

• Economic Prosperity

• Belief & Values

Peacekeeping

• after a conflict or peace agreement made

• maintain peace, monitor agreements, protect civilians

Allied Powers / Triple Entente

• Britain

• France

• Russia

Central Powers / Triple Alliance

• Germany

• Austria-Hungary

• Italy

World War I was causes (MANIA)

• Militarism

• Alliances

• Nationalism

• Imperialism

• Assassination

Spark of World War I

• Tension was high in the Balkans

• Gavrilo Princip joined the Black Hand (Serbian nationalist group wanting to free Slavic peoples from Austro-Hungarian rule)

• planned to assassinate Archduke Franz Ferdinand

arms race

countries compete to build stronger militaries

nationalism

• strong sense of pride and loyalty connected to one’s nation

• created tension - groups wanted independence, power, revenge

Assassination

• Hungary blamed Serbia and issued an ultimatum

• Austria-Hungary declared war due to demands not fulfilled

ultimatum

threat/consequence if terms not met within a specific time frame

Trench warfare

• soldiers fight from long, dug-out trenches

• No Man’s Land - land between trenches

• unsafe conditions

• led to a stalemate - no victory

Vimy Ridge and Passchendaele

capturing ridges, however, harmed/led to the death of many soldiers

United States Joins the War

initiated by President Wilson due to

• unrestricted submarine warfare

• sinking civilian ships

• Zimmermann Telegram - Germany asked Mexico to attack America

armistice

agreement to stop fighting

order of countries joining WWI

• Serbia

• Austria

• Russia

• German

• France

• Italy

• Britain

Paris Peace Conference

• decide how to create peace

• Germany not allowed to participate in negotiations.

• Germans feel the treaty was unfair

leaders

• George Clemenceau - france (punishment)

• David Lloyd George - England (punishment)

• Woodrow Wilson - United States (no punishment for peace)

• Vittorio Orlando - Italy (apart of triple allience, switched to obtain land)

main terms for Germany

• War Guilt Clause

• Reparations

• Military Restrictions

• Territorial Losses

• League of Nations

League of Nations

help create peace

Interwar Period

• between the two world wars

• economic/political instability in Germany, Italy, and Japan

• caused ultranationalist leaders to rise

German Expansionism

• needed more territory, resources, and power

• expansionism justifies building empires

• Hitler openly violated Treaty of Versailles

Isolationism

• policy of avoiding involvement in foreign conflicts and international politics

• United states focus on own problems

Anti-Semitism

Hatred, prejudice, or discrimination against Jewish people

Expansionism

• policy of increasing a nation’s territory, power, influence

• through political, economic, military means

Fascism

• authoritarian political ideology

• extreme nationalism, dictatorship, obedience to the state, militarism, suppression of opposition

Holocaust

• systematic genocide of approximately six million Jewish people

• by Nazi Germany and collaborators during World War II

• “final solution”

Lebensraum

• “Living space”

• the Nazi belief that Germany needed to expand eastward to gain land and resources for the German people

Nazism

• ideology of Hitler and the Nazi Party

• combining ultranationalism, dictatorship, racism, anti-Semitism, militarism, and expansionism

Propaganda

• Information designed to influence beliefs, emotions, behaviour

• through biased or misleading messages

Ultranationalism

• extreme form of nationalism

• loyalty to one’s nation becomes aggressive, exclusionary, harmful

• great man theory - great leaders change events

• crisis theory - allow extreme leaders to rule

Adolf Hitler

• was apart of the Nazi party

• attempted a failed coup d’état (Beer Hall Putsch)

• wrote Mein Kampf in prison

• he was made chancellor then leader

• invaded poland

Joseph Goebbels

Minister of Propaganda

Hermann Göring

• military and political leader

• supported creation of Gestapo (secret police)

Rise of the Nazis

• violated the Treaty of Versailles - built military

• Britain and France followed appeasement to prevent war

• annexed Austria, demanded Sudetenland, occupied Czechoslovakia, invade poland

Darwinism

• belief in the struggle for survival and some groups were stronger and superior

• scientific racism

eugenics

• belief that society could be “improved” by encouraging people with “desirable” traits to have children

• preventing people with “undesirable” traits from having children

racial beliefs

• claimed that Aryans were true Germans

• inferior / undesirable groups were killed/excluded

kristallnacht

nazis:

• burned synagogues

• destroyed Jewish homes and businesses

• arrested Jewish people

• increased violence and intimidation

Women and Family

• focus on motherhood

• given Mother’s Cross of Honour if had many children (give loans)

Youth

• Hitler Youth taught boys

• League of German Girls prepared girls for motherhood

• education spread ideas about eugenics and loyalty to Hitler

SS and Gestapo

• SS - Hitler’s personal bodyguard

• Gestapo - seceret police, punish opponents

ultranationalism in japan

• invaded Manchuria and China

• "Asia for Asians" used to mask Japan’s imperialist intentions

Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere to reshape Asia

• a plan to free Asia from Western imperialism

• in reality it justified Japanese expansionism / imperialism

Japanese involvement in the war

• joined the Axis Powers (Germany and Italy)

• defeat in WWII led to a complete dismantling of military influence and focus on rebuild

general Hideki Tojo

• leader of Japanese Army and prime minister of japan

• planned Pearl Harbor attack in December 1941

• After Japan’s defeat, Tojo was tried for war crimes and executed

• supported Japan’s expansion in Asia

ultranationalism in italy

• struggled with economic and political decline

• Italy invaded Ethiopia, defying the League of Nations'

• allied with Germany and entered World War II

Benito Mussolini

• founded the National Fascist Party (no democracy)

• led the March on Rome to demand government control

• In 1943 arrested by the king, executed before WWII ended

• Italy switched to Allies

mare nostrum

• italy should dominate the Mediterranean Sea

• rebuilding Italy’s power