TTU ANSC 1401 Exam 3

Concentrates

high in energy, low in fiber, highly digestible

Carbonaceous Concentrates

contains a lot of carbon, low in protein: cereal grains, molasses

Nitrogenous Concentrates

contains a lot of nitrogen, high in protein: oil meals, fish meal, packing house by-products such as tankage, dairy products

Roughages

low in energy, high in fiber, less digestible than concentrates

Carbonaceous Roughages

high in cellulose, low in protein: mature grass hay, stover, mature cereal grain silage

Nitrogenous Roughages

high in protein: legume hay and silage, immature grass hay and silage, growing pasture and silage

Nutrients

chemical substance that an organism needs to sustain life

Water

cheapest, most abundant nutrient, absolutely necessary for life

Water Sources

drinking

ingested in or on feed

metabolic - derived from breakdown of nutrients

Functions of Water

transportation of nutrients and excretions

chemical reactions and solvent properties

body temperature regulation

maintenance of shape of body cells

lubrication and cushioning of joints and organs

Proteins

composed of 22 amino acids

amino acids -> peptide -> polypeptide -> protein

Essential Proteins

essential to animals: must be supplied in diet because body cannot synthesize them fast enough to meet requirements

Nonessential Proteins

essential to animals: they are normally synthesized or are in sufficient quantity in diet and need not to be fed to the animal

Protein Analysis

determine N content and multiply by 6.25

Digestible Protein

portion of crude protein that is actually digested

NPN

nonprotein nitrogen

Protein Functions

basic structural unit of animal body

body metabolism

energy source

Body Metabolism

enzymes, hormones, immune antibodies and hereditary transmission structures are composed of protein

Photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O + light --> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Monosaccharides

simple sugars, one sugar molecule: glucose, fructose, galactose, mannose

Disaccharides

two sugar molecules: sucrose, lactose, maltose

Trisaccharide

raffinose (glucose + fructose + galactose): rare

Polysaccharides

many sugar molecules: starch, cellulose, lignin, glycogen

Carbohydryates Function

provide energy and heat

excess will be stored as fat

Lipids

fats and oils

composed of fatty acids and glycerol

Lipid Calories

9 calories per gram, 2.25 x more than protein and carbohydrates

Protein and Carbohydrates Calories

4 calories per gram

True

T/F

fatty acids must be supplied in the diet

Lipid Functions

provide energy: excess will be stored as fat or excreted

source of essential fatty acids

source of heat, insulation, and protection

carrier for absorption of fat soluble vitamins (D E A K)

Digestion Coefficient

amount digested/amount consumed X 100

Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN)

digestible protein + digestible crude fiber + (digestible fat x 2.25) + nitrogen free extract

Components of Energy

gross energy (energy lost through feces) -> digestible energy (energy lost through gases and urine) -> metabolizable energy (energy lost through heat) -> net energy (goes to maintenance and production)

Vitamins Fucntion

organic catalyst in biochemical reactions

Fat Soluble Vitamin

D, E, A, K

Vitamin D

calcium absorption, do not need supplement for unless the animal has little to no sun exposure

Vitamin E

muscular dystrophy, reduces free radicals

Vitamin A

proper vision, from green plants

Vitamin K

blood clotting

Wate Soluble Vitamins

Vitamin C and B-complex vitamins

Vitamin C

collagen formation, from forage

B-Complex Vitamins

animal makes these vitamins themselves

Minerals

inorganic, required by animals, both plant and animal sources

the balance among these sometimes is as critical as the amount in the diet

Mineral Function

component of hormones and enzymes produced by the body and help maintain osmotic pressure of the cell and acid-base balance

Macro Minerals

minerals needed in major amounts

Ca, P, Na, Cl, Mg, K, S

2:1

ratio needed for calcium:phosphorus

Calcium (Ca)

a mineral that is essential for bone growth, teeth development, blood coagulation, and many other functions

Phosphorus (P)

in bones, phosphorylation of energy compounds

Sodium (Na)

salt, pH control, osmotic pressure regulation

Chlorine (Cl)

Magnesium (Mg)

Potassium (K)

Sulfur (S)

in amino acids, reduced microbial growth in rumen

Micro Minerals

trace minerals, needed in trace amounts

Iron (Fe)

component of hemoglobin and myoglobin

Copper (Cu)

sheep need very little, for hair pigmentation and reproduction

Iodine (I)

hardly have this deficiency because all salts have this in it now, in thyroxine

Cobalt (Co)

in Vitamin B12, red blood cell formation

Zinc (Zn)

enzyme activator, needed to not have skin deficiency

Manganese (Mn)

enzyme activator

Selenium (Se)

antioxidant, add as much into the product as required by law, both too much and too little are harmful

Molybdenum (Mo)

purine metabolism

Fluorine (F)

bone formation, deficiency causes brittle bones

Carnivores

consume animal tissues, monogastric; dogs, cats

Omnivors

consume plant and animal tissues, monogastric; humans, pigs

Herbivores

consume plant tissue, cloven hoof, both monogastric (horses, rabbits, guinea pigs) and ruminant (cattle, sheep, goat)

Digestion

the breakdown of food to prepare for absorption by the gut

Mechanical/Physical Digestion Forces

chewing, contractions of GI track muscles

Chemical Digestion Action

HCl in the stomach denatures proteins, bile in the small intestine aids in fat digestion

HCl in Digestion

produced in the abomasum (stomach) that breaks many chemical bonds

Enzymatic Digestion Action

enzymes are produced by various parts of the digestive tract, microorganisms produce enzymes in ruminants

Enzyme

proteins capable of increasing a reactions speed when associated with a specific substrate

Absorption

includes various processes that allow small molecules to pass through the membranes of the GI tract into the blood or lymph system

Mouth (monogastric)

where salivary amylase is produced in saliva, aiding in chewing and swallowing

Esophagus (monogastric)

this moves ingested materials to stomach through muscular contractions (peristaltic waves)

Stomach (monogastric)

- stores food until lower gut is capable of digesting it

- strong muscle contractions cause physical breakdown through churning

- gastric juices (HCl) denature proteins allowing enzymes to hydrolyze them

Small Intestine

has three sections: duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Duodenum

bile and pancreatic secretions enter: main site of food breakdown

Jejunum

digestion continues, but primary function is absorption of nutrients

Ileum

absorption continues and connects to the large intestine

Large Intestine (monogastric)

3 sections: cecum, colon, and rectum

Cecum and Colon

absorb H2O and store waste

Mouth (specialized monogastric)

this secretes large quantities of saliva aiding in lubrication (up to 10 gal a day) and the saliva contains no enzymes

Esophagus (specialized monogastric)

peristaltic waves move ingested material to the stomach, only moves one direction

Stomach (specialized monogastric)

- comparatively smaller than other species, only 8% of the capacity of the digestive track

- less muscular movement allows feed to layer within the stomach (most prone to colic)

- gastric juices similar to swine break down proteins, also have rennin

- 4 gal

Small Intestine (specialized monogastric)

similar to other monogastrics, except that horsed do not have a gall bladder to store bile, 12 gal

Large Intestine (specialized monogastric)

4 sections: cecum, large colon, small colon, and rectum, (60% of GI tract, 11 gal)

Cecum and Large Colon

contain bacteria that produce VFA's through fermentation

Small Cecum

responsible for H2O absorption

Mouth (ruminant)

-regurgitation and rumination increase the surface area by decreasing particle size

- increased surface area allows greater access to rumen microbes for digestion

- saliva acts as buffering agent to maintain proper rumen pH

- eructation is a vital function to expel gas created during fermentation

Stomach (ruminant)

four compartments: reticulum, rumen, omasum, abomasum

Reticulum

- honeycomb or hardware stomach

- aids in regurgitation of boluses

Rumen

large fermentation vat that contains the bacteria which utilize the cellulose in the diet

Omasum

aids in water reabsorption

Abomasum

- true stomach

- primarily acids and enzymes break chemical bonds and reduce particle size

Esophageal Groove

a passage extending from the esophageal opening to the omasum allowing milk to bypass the reticulo-rumen and fermentation in the sucking animal

Bloat

excess gas buildup in the rumen sometimes taking the form of a stable foam

Acidosis

rapid breakdown of high-energy feeds causing reduced rumen pH