PNB 2265 PRACTICAL 2

general functions of the lymphatic system

maintain fluid balance, transport fat, participate in immune response

components of lymphatic system

lymph vessels, lymph nodes

primary lymphoid organ

thymus

cortex of thymus

appear as darker regions

cortex of the thymus contains

T cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, epithelial cells

medulla of thymus contains

more mature T cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, Hassall’s corpuscles

lighter region of the thymus

lighter regions

filters blood and site of initiation of immune response

spleen

red pulp

spleen: site of storage of RBCs and filters them

white pulp

spleen: clusters of T cells, B cells, and macrophages

T lymphocytes in immune response

responsible for cell mediated immunity; directly targeting and eliminating infected or cancerous cells

B lymphocytes

humoral immunity, producing antibodies to neutralize pathogens

direct ELIZA

uses single antibody directly conjugated to an anzyme

indirect ELIZA

uses two antibodies;

• primary antibody binds the antigen

• secondary antibody binds the primary antibody and it conjugated to the enzyme

steps to ELISA

• coat plate with antiobdy

• block any remaining binding sites

• add a sample

• wash

• add a secondary antiobdy with an enzyme

• wash again

• add a substrate that reacts with the enzyme to produce a color change which is then measured

how to interpret results for ELISA

compare absorbance readings of the samples to a standard curve, which plots known concentrations of the target antigen against their corresponding absorbance values

principles of spirometry and how integration of the flow signal gives a volume

used to measure the amount of volume or flow of air that can be inhaled and exhaled

FEV1

forced expiratory volume in first second

FVC

force vital capacity

equation for spirometry

FEV1/ FVC

respiratory acidosis

when the body retains excessive carbon dioxide, leading to a decrease in blood pH (more acidic)

respiratory alkalosis

when the body eliminates too much carbon dioxide, resulting in an increase in blood pH

cause of MI

blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle

treatments of MI

restoring blood flow to the heart and preventing further damage; angioplasty/stenting

cirrhosis causes

chronic hepatitis; excessive alcohol use; fatty liver disease

cirrhosis symptoms

weakness; fatigue; abdominal pain; nausea

cirrhosis treatment

preventing further liver damage; liver transplant; medication

angina pectoris causes

reduced blood flow to the heart muscle- lack of oxygen

angina pectoris symptoms

pain in arms, neck, jaw, shortness of breath, fatigue

angina pectoris treatment

medications (beta blockers), calcium channel blockers, aspirin

gallstones causes

high cholesterol, imbalance in bile composition

gallstones symptoms

nausea, vomiting, fever, chills, jaundice

pulmonary fibrosis

environmental exposure; medications

pulmonary fibrosis symptoms

shortness of breath, dry cough, fatigue

pulmonary fibrosis treatment

medications, oxygen therapy

Myasthenia gravis causes

body’s immune system mistakenly attacking the neuromuscular junction

Myasthenia gravis symptoms

weakness of the eye muscles, drooping eyelids, double vision, changes in facial expression

Myasthenia gravis treatment

medication, surgery, or combination of therapies

diabetes inspidus causes

problems with ADH secretion that help the kidneys regulate fluid balance

diabetes inspidus symptoms

excessive thirst and frequent urination

diabetes inspidus treatment

desmorpressin is used to replace ADh

nasal septum (vomer/ cartilage)

pharynx

nasopharynx

larynx

oropharynx

epiglottis 

glottis

thyroid cartilage 

arytenoid cartilage 

study this

circoid cartilage

hyoid bone

trachea

annular ligaments

vestibular folds (false vocal cords)

vestibular fold (false vocal cords)

vocal folds (true vocal cords) 

(internal ridge where the trachea branches into left and right bronchi) 

carina

right lung lobes

3: superior, midle, inferior

left lung lobes

2 lobes: superior and inferior

R and L primary bronchi

secondary bronchi

tertiary (segmental) bronchi (10 per lung)

bronchioles

alveoli

sublingual salivary glands (smallest)

submandibular gland

parotid gland

stomach

cardiac portion of stomach

gallbladder

adrenal gland

kidney

ureter

urinary bladder

urethra

where urine is carried to outside the body

renal artery

renal vein

green

cortex of kidney

renal columns of kidney

medulla in kidneys

1

renal cortex

2

renal pyramids

3

renal pelvis

4

minor calyx

5

major calyx

pylorus

pyloric sphincter

rugae

pancreas

small intestine

duodenum

(part of small intestine)

duodenum

(part of small intestine)

jejunum

ileum

large intestine

cecum

appendix

ascending colon