psych biologic module - day 4

Color blindness

Associated with different problems potentially with the cone

What is true about men and color blindness?

Men are way more likely to be affected by color blindness than women

What is true about the adaptation of our vision?

Our vision can adjust very quickly to changes in our ability and environment (our eyes adjusting when in a dark or light room)

Stratton 1896

Created glasses where up was down and left was right (was extremely depressed for a little bit but was able to adapt within a couple weeks)

Optic nerve

Optic nerve send it to the brain

Optic chasm

The information from the left field of vision is going to go to the right hemisphere and the same the other way

Optic tract

Send the visual information to the thalamus

Thalamus

Where all the sense information is going to go and it will process it as visual information and send it to the primary visual cortex

Primary visual cortex

Occipital lobe - start doing very simple processing (basic shapes and colors and size information) but in order to get to the perceptual image we are going to have to use more of the brain

Simple Cells (in the primary visual cortex)

Simple - respond to things like orientation and edge information (very simple)

Complex cells (in the primary visual cortex)

Continue to process orientation but also movement information

Hyper complex cells (in the primary visual cortex)

Continue the processing but start to build the image together

Ventral stream

Called the what pathway because it is important for recognition - moving from occipital lobe to the temporal lobe

Dorsal stream

The how or where pathway - how something is moving or where it is in our environment - occipital lobe to the parietal lobe

Apparent motion

When we see similar images presented in close succession it looks like fluid movement

Illusory conjunction

If an image is flashed quickly it is likely that you would confuse some details of the image

Depth cues

The pieces of information that allow us to determine how far away something is

Binocular cues

Cues that require both eyes to get any sort of depth

What are the binocular cues?

• retinal disparity

• Convergence

Retinal disparity

Because our eyes are slightly apart from each other each eye is getting a different image so we look at how different the images are on the right and the left eye - the more difference there is the closer something is

Convergence

Take into account how much our eyes are moving in order to focus on something - if our eyes are moving towards the same point that means its close to us

Monocular cues

The depth cues we get from one eye (we rely less on monocular)

What are the monocular cues?

• familiar size

• Linear perspective

• Texture gradient

• Interposition

• Relative size

Familiar size

If two objects are assumed to be a similar size that object that is closer is going to appear larger

Linear perspective

Parallel lines look like they are converging in the distance

Texture gradient

The closer something is to us the more detailed the texture of that object is going to be

Interposition

If something seems to be in front of something else we assume it is closer

Relative size

Things at the bottom of our visual field are closer to us and things at the top of our visual field tend to be further from us

Simplicity (pragnanz)

We are generally going to group things in the simplest way

Closure

We are going to create closure where there may not be any in order to process things more simply

Continuity

If things are in a line we generally see them as a group

Similarity

If objects are similar we are more likely to put them into a group

Proximity

Group objects that are psychically close to each other

Common fate

If objects move together we are going to group them together

Waves

The stimuli that is going to start the sensation of sound

Frequency (sound)

The more waves there are in a given section of a sound wave the higher the pitch of that sound wave

Amplitude (sound)

Tell us volume - the taller the sound wave the louder the wave

Complexity

Most of the time there’s going to be a lot of different sounds in our environment and your brain has to figure out what goes with what sound wave

Pinna

Collect sound waves and funnel them inward and the ear is shaped that way to better collect those sound waves

Auditory canal

Hallway for your ear where the sound waves bounce along

Eardrum/tympanic membrane

Sound waves beat against the eardrum and based on the shape or formation of the wave the eardrum is going to move differently (higher frequency wave the eardrum will move more quickly)

Middle ear

Full of air and is important because it allows for the specific movement of the bones

Ossicles

A group of three bones - the smallest bones in the body - as the ear drum moves it causes the ossicles to move - connected right against the ear drum

What are the ossicles?

• Hammer (malleus)

• Anvil (incus)

• Stirrup (stapes)

Inner ear

Filled with fluid

Cochlea

Specifically against the stirrup

Basilar membrane

The stretch of tissue that is rolled up in the cochlea

Hair cells

On the basilar membrane and what are actually doing the sensing - depending on how those hair cells are moving you send information from those hair cells to the auditory nerve

Auditory nerve

The start of that transduction

Semicircular canals

Have nothing to do with hearing - important for body orientation and balance - because the cochlea is filled with fluid when your head is in different positions it will change the position of the fluid in the canals

Place theory

Different parts of the basilar membrane are going to respond differently to different frequencies

Temporal/frequency theory

The hair cells are going to send information at the top of the sound wave (a high frequency sound wave is going to send more information)

What is true about place theory?

Place theory seems to best explain high frequency sounds and the temporal theory seems to best explain lower frequency sounds

Localization

Figuring out where a sound is coming from (we look at what ear is getting the sound wave first and which ear is getting it louder)

McGurk Effect

Where you are presented with one sound and that sound wave is either paired with visual stimuli with someone saying what the actual sound or something similar and your visual information will make you think you heard the sound you saw with your eyes

Sensorineural hearing loss

Issue with the inner ear (issue with the hair cells or the cochlea)

Conduction hearing loss

Issue with the ear drum

What kind of hearing loss is easier to fix, conduction or sensorineural?

Conduction

What is true about sensorineural hearing loss?

It typically happens with age and is natural

Perfect pitch

Have a larger and more dense temporal lobe

Phantom limb pain

When a certain part of the body is amputated you can sense the perception of pain in that part (your brain is sending information to the part of the body that you can no longer have and your body can’t send information back)

A delta fibers

Related to sharp quick shooting pains

C fibers

Related to dull throbbing pain

Referred pain

Your brain gets confused about where certain pain is coming from

Haptic perception

We are exploring our world through touch

Kinesthesis

The sense of where your body is and how its moving

What is unique about smell/olfaction

It does not go through the thalamus connected directly to the forebrain through the olfactory bulb

Olfactory receptors

Sensory neuron for smell - number of olfactory receptors and how many different types we have determine our sense of smell

Papillae

Each bump on your younger has thousand of different receptors that take in the chemicals from the food you eat

Receptor replacement

When you are younger you get more taste sensations and that will change your perception of food but your receptors replace each other

5 primary sensations

Salty, sweet, sour, bitter, umami