patho1 exam

Diffusion

Movement of solutes from high to low concentration.

Osmosis

Movement of water across membranes to balance solute concentration.

Active Transport

Energy (ATP) used to move substances against concentration gradient.

Homeostasis

The process by which a cell maintains a stable internal environment.

ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)

Hormone that controls water retention in the body.

Baroreceptors

Sensors that detect changes in blood volume.

Osmoreceptors

Cells that respond to changes in osmolality or solute concentration.

Innate Immunity

Immediate, nonspecific defense mechanisms (e.g., macrophages and neutrophils).

Adaptive Immunity

Specific immune response involving T and B cells, which has memory for faster future responses.

Oncogenes

Genes that, when mutated, can lead to cancer through abnormal cell proliferation.

Tumor Suppressor Genes

Genes that regulate cell growth and division; loss of function can lead to cancer.

Pressure Ulcers

Skin breakdown caused by prolonged pressure that leads to ischemia.

Braden Scale

A tool used to assess the risk of pressure ulcers based on factors like mobility and sensory perception.

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

An autoimmune disorder characterized by joint inflammation and morning stiffness.

Osteoarthritis (OA)

A degenerative joint disease caused by mechanical wear and tear.

Fluid Balance Feedback System

Mechanism that maintains homeostasis regarding fluid intake and retention.

Thirst Reflex

A physiological response to increased body osmolality or low blood volume that stimulates drinking.

Neutrophils

A type of white blood cell that is part of the innate immune response.

T cells

A type of lymphocyte that plays a key role in adaptive immunity.

B cells

Lymphocytes that are responsible for producing antibodies in the adaptive immune response.

Acid-base disturbances

Imbalances that affect enzyme function and can disrupt metabolic processes.

Electrolyte imbalances

Disturbances in the levels of electrolytes that can affect nerve and muscle function.