Chemistry - The Mole Concept + Redox Reactions + Kinetic Theory

mole

the amount of a specific substance that is proportionate to the amount of elementary entities present in 12g of carbon-12

Describe Avogadro’s number and Avogadro’s Law and its postulates

The amount of elementary entities present in 12g of carbon-12 is represented as 6.022 × 10²³ or Avogadro’s number

Avogadro’s Law states that equal volumes of all gases at the same temperature and pressure have equal numbers of molecules

At room temperature and pressure, 1 mole of any gas occupies 24.0dm³.

At standard temperature and pressure, 1 mole of any gas occupies 22.4 dm³.

Describe molar mass and its formula

the mass of one mole of a specific substance in grams

mass of substance/molar mass

Differentiate between the empirical formula and molecular formula

empirical formula - simplest whole number ratio of elements present in a compound/molecule

molecular formula - total number of each atom present in a molecule

What are the steps for an acid-base titration?

redox reaction

a reaction in which one element loses electrons (reduction) and another gains electrons (oxidation)

half equation

a chemical equation which shows either the reduction half or the oxidation half of a redox reaction

State the reactivity series of metals

The reactivity series of metals include K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Pb, H, Cu, Ag, Au

State the reactivity series of non-metals

F₂, Cl₂, O₂, Br₂, I₂, S, P, C

Describe gas and its particles

The form a substance takes when it is heated past its boiling point

The particles in a gas are arranged randomly, are far apart from each other and move rapidly/randomly

State the kinetic theory of gases and the type of gas it relates to

1. Gas particles are moving randomly

2. Gas particles do not attract each other

3. Gas particles have no volume

4. Collisions between gas particles are elastic

These are the properties of an ideal gas

Describe the ideal gas equation

The ideal gas equation is PV = nRT, where P = pressure in pascals; V = the volume in cubic metres; n is the number of moles of gas; R is the gas constant (8.31JK⁻¹mol⁻¹); and T is the temperature in kelvin

real gas

type of gas which has a finite volume and whose molecules interact with each other

How do you differentiate between a real gas and ideal gas

The differences between real gases and ideal gases is more noticeable at higher pressures where the particles of gases are forced to be closer together, resulting in significant forces of attraction and at lower temperatures when they are more susceptible to forces of attraction

Describe Boyle’s Law and its mathematical representation

for a fixed number of moles of a gas at a fixed temperature, the volume of a gas is inversely proportion to its pressure, typically at a Goldilocks temperature

P₁ x V₁ = P₂ x V₂

Describe Charles’ Law and its mathematical representation

for a fixed number of moles at a fixed pressure, the volume of a gas is directly proportionate to its absolute temperature (kelvin)

V₁/T₁ = V₂/T₂