05. The Immune System

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What 2 lines of defence does the immune system provide against pathogens?

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1

What 2 lines of defence does the immune system provide against pathogens?

Preventing entry of pathogens into body, killing pathogens that get into the body

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2

How does the skin prevent the entry of pathogens?

Skin flora make it difficult for pathogens to become established, when the skin is broken blood clots forming a scab sealing the gap

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3

What is skin flora?

Community of microorganisms that live naturally on the skin

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4

What body parts prevent infections?

Eyes, Nose, Trachea and bronchi, Stomach

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5

How do eyes prevent infection?

Produces tears which contain enzymes -> chemical barrier

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6

How does the nose prevent infection?

Has internal hairs -> physical barrier, Cell in nose produce mucus

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7

How does the cells in nose that produce mucus prevent infection?

Trap pathogens before they enter lungs

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8

How do the trachea and bronchi prevent infection? (Not Goblet)

Ciliated cells waft cilia and move mucus and pathogens up to throat where swallowed

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9

How do the trachea and bronchi prevent infection? (Not Ciliated)

Goblet cells create mucus to trap pathogens -> physical barrier

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10

How does the stomach prevent infection?

Hydrochloric acid kills pathogens from mucus, food or water -> chemical barrier

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11

What causes an infection?

When pathogens pass through the non-specific first line of defence

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12

What are the two types of white blood cells?

Phagocytes and lymphocytes

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13

What do phagocytes do?

Ingest and digest microorganisms, attacks any foreign cell

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14

Why do phagocytes ingest and digest?

They’re attracted to pathogens and bind to them

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15

What do phagocytes do after binding to pathogens?

The cell membrane surrounds the pathogen and engulfs it

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16

What happens after phagocytes’ cell membrane surrounds the pathogen?

Enzymes inside the cell break down the pathogen and destroy it

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17

What do lymphocytes do?

Recognise foreign antigens on surface of pathogens -> produce specific antibody + antitoxin for particular pathogens

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