Biology science test 1

Stimulus

A change in the internal or external environment that evokes a specific reaction.

Receptor

Specialised cells or organs that detect stimuli and send signals to the brain.

Control Centre

Processes information from receptors and triggers a response via effectors.

Effector

An organ, tissue, or cell that produces a response to a stimulus.

Response

The action, behaviour, or physiological change produced in reaction to a stimulus.

Photoreceptors

Receptors located in the eye that detect light.

Mechanoreceptors

Receptors detecting touch, pressure, sound waves, and motion.

Thermoreceptors

Receptors that detect temperature changes.

Chemoreceptors

Receptors detecting chemical substances, such as odors and tastes.

Pain Receptors

Receptors detecting potential physical harm or tissue damage.

Cochlea

Inner ear structure containing hair cells that convert sound vibrations into nerve signals.

Five Basic Tastes

Sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami

Homeostasis

Maintenance of a constant internal environment to support cell function.

Negative Feedback

A response mechanism that counteracts a stimulus to restore normal balance.

Positive Feedback

A feedback mechanism that amplifies a change in state rather than reversing it.

Nervous System Communication

Fast, short-lived electrical impulses and neurotransmitters along neurons.

Endocrine System Communication

Slower, long-lasting chemical messages (hormones) through the bloodstream.

Rods

Rods detect dim light and movement

Cones

Cones detect colour and provide sharp vision.

Neurotransmitters

Chemicals that transmit information from one neuron to another

Stimulus-response model in order

stimulus, receptor, control centre, effector, response

Where is the olfactory nerve

roof of the nasal cavity

What type of signals does the nervous system send

electrical and chemical

What does the endocrine system send

chemical hormones

Target and effect of the nervous system

Hits a very specific muscle, gland, or nerve cell for a short moment

Target and effect of the endocrine system

Reaches many body areas at once and lasts for a long time