pU$sY 1 chapter 3

Anatomy

is the term applied to the science of the structure of the body

PhysioLogy

is the study of the function of the body organs.

Osteology

is the detailed study of the body of knowledge relating to the bones of the body.

sagittal • • Coronal Horizontal Oblique

body planes

midsagittal plane

is a specific sagittal plane that passes through the midline of the body and divides it into equal right and left halves

coronal plane

divides the entire body or a body part into anterior and posterior seg ment .

midcoronal plane

is a specific coronal plane that passes through the midline of the body, dividing it into equal anterior and posterior halve

midaxillary pLane .

midcoronal plane is often referred to as the

horizontal plane

pas e crosswise through the body or a body part at right angles to the longitudinal axis.

sagittal plane

The plane passe vertically through the body from front to back

Coronal plane

The plane pas e through the body vertically from one side to the other

right angle

horizontal plane is positioned at a ____ to the sagittal and

coronal planes

transverse or axial plane

horizontal plane Often it is referred to as

oblique plane

can pass through a body part at any angle between the three planes discussed earlier

computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasound (US)

Body planes are used in what procedures to identify the orientation of anatomic cuts or slices demonstrated in the procedure.

interiliac plane

plane transects the pelvis at the top of the iliac crests at the level of the fourth lumbar spinous process

fourth

The interiliac plane transects the pelvis at the top of the iliac crests at the level of the___ lumbar spinous process

Interiliac plane

It is used in positioning the lumbar spine, sacrum, and coccyx.

occlusal plane

is formed by the biting surfaces of the upper and lower teeth with the jaws closed (Fig. 3-3, B). It is used in positioning of the odontoid process and sorne head projections.

thoracic and abdominal cavities

The two great cavities of the torso are the

The thoracic cavity is subdivided into a pericardial segment and two pleural portions.

The thoracic cavity is subdivided into a ____ segment and two ____ portions.

abdomen

is the portion of the trunk that is bordered superiorly by the diaphragm and inferiorly by the superior pelvic aperture (pelvic inlet).

quadrants

The abdomen is often divided into four clinical divisions called

umbilicus

The midsagittal plane and a horizontal plane intersect at the ____ and create the boundaries.

T

T/F

These anatomic divisions (regions) are not used as often as quadrants in clinical practice

Mastoid tip

C1

Gonion (angle of mandible)

C2. C3

C3. C4

Hyoid bone

Thyroid cartilage

C5

C7. Tl

Vertebra prominens

Approximately 2 in (5 cm) above level of jugular notch

Tl

T2. T3

Level of jugular notch

Level of sternal angle

T4. T5

T7

Level of inferior angles of scapulae

T9. T10

Level of xiphoid process

Inferior costal margin

L2. L3

L4. L5

Level of most superior aspect of iliac crests

Level of anterior superior iliac spines (ASIS)

Sl.S2

Coccyx

Level of pubic symphysis and greater trochanters

body habitus

The common variation in the hape of the human body are termed

Sthenic, 50%

Hyposthenic, 35%

Asthenic, 10%

hypersthenic, 5%

The four major types of body habitus and their approximate frequency in the population

sthenic

is considered the dominant type of habitus.

The relative shape of patients with a sthenic or hyposthenic body habitus and the position of their organs are referred to in clinjcal practice as ordinary or average

The relative shape of patients with a ______ or ____ body habitus and the position of their organs are referred to in clinical practice as ordinary or average

Hyposthenic

This habitus is the most difficult to classify.

206

The adult human skeleton is composed of ___ primary bones.

Ligaments

unite the bones of the skeleton

• Axial skeleton

Appendicular skeleton

The 206 bones of the body are divided into two main group :

axial skeleton

support and pro tect the head and trunk with 80 bones

appendicular skeleton

allows the body to move in various posi tions and from place to place with its 126 bones

All bones are composed of a strong, dense outer layer called

the compact bone and an inner portion of

les dense spongy bone

All bones are composed of a strong, dense outer layer called the ___ and an inner portion of less dense ____

trabeculae (

The softer spongy bone contains a peculated network of interconnecting spaces called

red and yellow

The trabeculae are filled with ____ marrow.

Red marrow

produces red and white blood cells,

yellow marrow

stores adipo e (fat) cells.

medullary cavity,

Long bones have a central cav ity called the

Long bones

have a central cavity called the medullary cavity

medullary cavity

contains trabeculae filled with yellow marrow.

In long bone the red marrow i concentrated at the ends of the bone and not in the medullary cavity.

In long bone the red marrow i concentrated at the ___ of the bone and not in the medullary cavity.

A tough, fibrous connective tissue called the periosteum covers all bony surfaces except the articular surfaces, which are covered by the articular cartilage.

A tough, fibrous connective tissue called the ___ covers all bony surfaces except the articular surfaces, which are covered by the _____

endosteum

The tissue lining the medullary cavity of bone is called the

tubercles and tuberosities

Bones contain various knoblike projections called

Muscle, tendons, ligaments

attach to the periosteum at these projections (tubercles, tuberosities)

periosteum.

Blood vessel and nerves enter and exit the bone through the

Bones

are live organs and must receive a blood supply for nourishment or they will die.

foramina

Blood vessels and nerves enter and exit the bone at the arne point, through openings called the

nutrient foramen

Near the center of all long bones is an

opening in the periosteum called the

Ossification

is the term given to the development and formation of bones.

Bones begin to develop in the second month of embryonic life

Bones begin to develop in the ___ month of embryonic life

inter membranous ossification and endochondral ossification.

Os ification occurs sepa rately by two distinct processes

Intermembranous ossification

Bones that develop from fibrous mem brane in the embryo produce the flat bones uch as those of the skull, clavicles, mandible, and sternum.

Intermembranous ossification

what ossification process: skull, clavicles, mandible, and sternum.

Intermembranous ossification

what ossification process: flat bones

sutures, joints

As flat bones grow after birth, they join and form___. Other bones in this category merge together and create the various ___ of the skeleton.

nutrient artery

the ____ of the bone passes into this opening and sup plies the cancellous bone and marrow

epiphyseal artery

separately enter the ends of long bones to supply the area

periosteal arteries

enter at numerous points to supply the compact bone

hyaline cartilage

Bones created by endochondral ossification develop from

produce the short, irregular, and long bones

what type of ossification

primary and secondary centers of ossification.

Endochondral ossification occurs from two distinct centers of development called the

Primary ossification

What type of ossification begins before birth?

Primary ossification

What type of ossification forms the entire bulk of the short and irregular bones?

Primary ossification

What type of ossification forms the long central shaft of long bones?

Diaphysis

During development, what is the long shaft of a long bone called?

Secondary ossification

What type of ossification occurs after birth?

Secondary ossification

What type of ossification develops as a separate bone at both ends of every long bone?

Epiphysis

What is each end of a long bone called?

Diaphysis and epiphysis

During early development, what are the two distinctly separate regions of a long bone?

Epiphyseal plate

What plate of cartilage develops between the diaphysis and epiphysis as growth occurs?

Epiphyseal plate

What cartilaginous plate is visible on long-bone radiographs of pediatric patients?

Epiphyseal line

What structure remains after the epiphyseal plate has completely ossified

epiphyseal line

What structure remains after the epiphyseal plate has completely ossified

Epiphyseal plate

What is the common site of fractures in pediatric patients?

PEDIATRIC

In what demographic is the epiphyseal plate seen?

Long • • • •

Short

Flat

Irregular

SESAMOID

CLASSIFICATION OF BONES

Long bones

are found only in the limbs.

Long bones

Which type of bone consists primarily of a long cylindric shaft (body) with two enlarged, rounded ends?

Articular cartilage

What covers the articular surface of long bones?

Body

What is the long cylindric shaft of a long bone called?

Long bones

Which type of bone has ends that articulate with other long bones?

Long bones

The femur and humerus are examples of what type of bone?