Nursing for Dummies: Prep for State & Professionals 2020

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering legal/ethical nursing, Māori health models, anatomy, clinical tools, maternal/paediatric care, medical/surgical conditions, mental health, and medication management based on the 2020 Nursing for Dummies Prep transcript.

Ethikos

The Greek origin of the word 'ethics', meaning pertaining to customs or habit.

Moralitas

The Latin origin of the word 'morality', meaning custom or habit.

Values

Freely chosen, enduring beliefs and attitudes often derived from a person's cultural, ethnic, and religious backgrounds.

Management

The process of coordination and integration of resources through planning, organizing, coordinating, directing, and controlling to accomplish specific institutional goals.

The Mental Health (Compulsory Assessment and Treatment) Act 1992

Provides a legal framework for those who require compulsory psychiatric assessment and treatment for mental illness.

Misuse of Drugs Act 1975

Classifies drugs into three classes (schedules) based on their projected risk of serious harm.

Intellectual Disability (Compulsory Care and Rehabilitation) Act 2003 (IDCCR Act)

Authorises compulsory care and rehabilitation for individuals with an intellectual disability who have been charged with, or convicted of, an imprisonable offence.

Whaio Te Ao Marama

The Māori disability action plan 2012 focused on reducing barriers and improving outcomes for Māori disabled and their whānau.

Privacy Act 2020

Introduces a privacy breach notification regime where businesses must notify the Office of the Privacy Commissioner of breaches causing serious harm.

Manaakitanga

Leading with a moral purpose to improve health and social outcomes for the team.

Pono

Having self-belief, self-esteem, and self-care, emphasizing resilience and a healthy lifestyle.

Ako

The concept of being a learner, keeping up to date with professional development.

Awhinatanga

Guiding and supporting while showing empathy for individuals, groups, and the views of others.

5 Rights of Delegation

A framework including Right Activity, Right Circumstance, Right Person, Right Communication, and Right Direction.

Tikanga

Reflects traditional values, beliefs, and practices of Māori which enhance relationships fundamental to life.

Kawa

Primary values embedded within the social context of Māori culture.

Te Tiriti o Waitangi

The Treaty of Waitangi, signed 6 February 1840, featuring the principles of Participation, Partnership, and Protection.

Tino Rangatiratanga

Māori self-determination and mana motuhake in the design and delivery of health services.

Oritetanga

The principle of equity, requiring the Crown to commit to achieving equitable health outcomes for Māori.

Kawanatanga

Translated as 'governance' in the Māori version of the Treaty; implies abiding to the law.

Wairuatanga

Spirituality, including the right to practice Tohunga and Rongoa and maintain cultural values.

Mauri

The life force present in people and objects.

Hinengaro

The mind as a dimension of Māori health.

Taha Tinana

Physical wellbeing or physical health.

Whanaungatanga

The concept of extended family and relationship building.

ABCDE Primary Survey

A clinical tool used to assess Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability, and Exposure.

PQRSTU Pain Assessment

A tool for collecting pain history: Provocative/Palliative, Quality, Region/Radiation, Severity, Timing, and Understanding.

SAMPLE

A health history assessment tool: Signs/Symptoms, Allergies, Medication, Past medical history, Last meal, and Events leading to illness.

ISBARR

A communication tool: Identification, Situation, Background, Action, Response/Rationale.

OARS

Communication techniques used in health: Open-ended questions, Affirmation, Reflection, and Summarising.

Motivational Interviewing

Having courageous conversations to enable behaviour change through a guiding style.

The 3 Harms

Privacy must not be broken unless a person is harming themselves, harming others, or being harmed by someone else.

Gillick Competency

Used to decide whether a child under $16$ is mature enough to make their own decisions.

Fraser Guidelines

Specifically applied to contraceptive advice and sexual health treatment for girls under $16$ without parental consent.

Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Development

A theory suggesting personality develops over eight stages, each involving a crisis with a positive or negative outcome.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

A theory proposing five levels of motivation: Physiological, Safety, Social, Esteem, and Self-Actualisation.

Id

The part of Freud's personality theory represented by basic needs and wants (unconscious).

Superego

The part of Freud's personality theory representing morals and social rules.

Operant Conditioning

B.F. Skinner's theory that behaviour is learned through rewards (reinforcers) and punishments.

Jean Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory

Stages of mental development: Sensorimotor ($0$ to $2$ years), Preoperational ($2$ to $7$), Concrete operational ($7$ to $11$), and Formal operational ($12$ and up).

Classical Conditioning

Ivan Pavlov's learning process of associating an unconditioned stimulus with a new conditioned stimulus.

Te Whare Tapa Wha

Mason Durie’s model of Māori wellbeing illustrated by the four sides of a wharenui: Taha Tinana, Taha Wairua, Taha Whānau, and Taha Hinengaro.

Ottawa Charter

A 1986 WHO framework for health promotion involving five action areas, including building healthy public policy and creating supportive environments.

Te Pae Mahutonga

A health promotion model based on the Southern Cross constellation, incorporating Mana Ora, Waiora, Toiora, Te Oranga, Nga Manukura, and Te Mana Whakahaere.

Transtheoretical Model

A model of behaviour change including Pre-Contemplation, Contemplation, Determination, Action, Relapse, and Maintenance.

Health Literacy

A composite of skills including identification, understanding, interpretation, creation, communication, and computation of health information.

Primary Health Care

A philosophy involving a comprehensive approach to healthcare that moves beyond initial contact with services.

Whakamaua

Māori Health Action Plan 2020-2025 aimed at achieving better health outcomes and addressing racism.

Otitis Externa

Inflammation of the outer ear.

Pertussis

Also known as whooping cough, a bacterial infection that can lead to pneumonia.

HEEEADSSS

An interview guide for young people covering Home, Education/Employment, Eating, Exercise, Activities, Drugs/Alcohol, Sexual health, Safety, and Suicidality.

Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL)

Known as 'bad' cholesterol.

High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL)

Known as 'good' cholesterol.

Normal Vital Signs (Adult)

BP: $100-140/60-100$, RR: $12-20$, HR: $50-100$, T: $36.5-37.5$, $SpO_2$: $96-100\%$.

HbA1c Diabetic Level

An $HbA1c$ level greater than $50\,mmol/mol$.

Lithium Therapeutic Level

A concentration of $0.6-1.2\,mmol/L$.

Anuria

Failure of the kidneys to produce urine.

Oliguria

Urine production of less than $500\,mL$ in $24\,hours$.

Polyuria

Increased urine output exceeding $3\,L$ in $24\,hours$.

Polydipsia

Excessive thirst.

Body Planes

Standard anatomical divisions: Sagittal, Coronal, and Transverse.

Osteomyelitis

Infection within the bone.

Osteoblasts

Cells responsible for building bone tissue.

Osteoclasts

Cells responsible for breaking down or cutting down bone tissue.

Ventilation

The movement of air into and out of the lungs.

Diffusion

The movement of gases between the lungs and the blood from high to low concentration.

Perfusion

The movement of blood to the tissues.

Dyspnoea

Difficulty breathing.

Atelectasis

The collapse of the alveoli.

Hypoxaemia

Decreased oxygen levels in the blood.

Hypercapnia

Increased levels of $CO_2$ in the blood.

Cardiac Output (CO)

The amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in one minute.

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

A hormone system that increases blood pressure in response to a drop in blood volume or pressure.

Islets of Langerhans

Pancreatic cells that secrete insulin and glucagon.

Nociceptive Pain

Pain resulting from injury to nociceptors in the skin, muscles, or joints; involves Transduction, Transmission, Perception, and Modulation.

Neuropathic Pain

Pain arising from an abnormality in processing in the CNS or PNS, often described as tingling or burning.

Chronic Pain

Persistent pain lasting longer than $3\,months$ that is generally not the result of tissue damage.

Referred Pain

Pain felt at a site different from the location of the injury or source.

Isotonic Fluid

Fluid with the same concentration as body fluid, resulting in no fluid shift; e.g., Normal Saline.

Hypotonic Fluid

Fluid 'thinner' than body fluid that shifts fluid into the tissues to hydrate cells; e.g., $0.45\%$ Normal Saline.

Hypertonic Fluid

Fluid 'thicker' than body fluid that shifts fluid into the blood; e.g., $3\%$ Normal Saline.

Hypernatremia

An excess of sodium in the blood caused by water loss or high sodium intake.

Hypokalaemia

Low levels of potassium in the blood, which can cause dysrhythmias.

Respiratory Acidosis

Occurs when the lungs cannot excrete enough $CO_2$, causing $pH$ to drop below $7.35$.

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

A condition where the body uses fat for energy due to lack of insulin, leading to an acidic build-up of ketones.

Innate Immune System

The non-specific, generalised response to non-self pathogens.

Adaptive Immune System

A specific immune response involving antigens and antibodies.

Sepsis

A systemic infection characterized by a high white blood cell count, fever, and increased metabolic rate.

Hypovolemic Shock

Shock caused by significant fluid or blood loss.

Down Syndrome

Also known as Trisomy $21$, caused by a full or partial extra copy of chromosome $21$.

Prader-Willi Syndrome

A genetic disorder characterized by weak muscle tone, chronic overeating (hyperphagia), and mild intellectual impairment.

Foetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

A spectrum disorder caused by alcohol exposure during pregnancy, leading to low birth weight and distinctive facial features.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

The advanced stage of HIV infection characterized by one or more 'AIDS-defining' illnesses.

Gonorrhoea

An STI caused by the gram-negative organism \text{Neisseria gonorrheae}.

Syphilis

A systemic infection caused by \text{Treponema pallidum} consisting of five stages.

Embryo

The developmental stage from implantation to $5-8\,weeks$.

Foetus

The developmental stage from $5-8\,weeks$ until birth.

Age of Viability

The earliest age a foetus can survive, defined as $24\,weeks$ or over $400\,g$.

Pre-Eclampsia

A pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure, protein in urine, and excessive swelling.

HELLP Syndrome

A medical emergency in pregnancy involving Haemolysis, Elevated Liver enzymes, and Low Platelet count.