GBCC A+P Test 1

Anatomy

The study of body structure

Physiology

The study of body function

Dorsal Plane

Divides the body into dorsal and ventral parts

transverse plane

divides body between cranial and caudal

Median Plane

divides the body into equal left and right halves

Sagittal Plane

divides body into left and right UNEQUAL parts

Name the 4 planes the body can be divided into

Dorsal

Transverse

Meidan

Sagittal

Dorsal

toward the back

Ventral

Toward the belly

Medial

Toward the midline of the body

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body

Cranial

toward the head

Caudal

toward the tail

Rostral

toward the nose

Proximal

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Distal

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Carpus

wrist

Tarsus

ankle

Palmer

bottom of front paws

Planter

bottom of hind paws

dorsal (when talking about paws)

Top of the paw

Name three body cavities

Cranial

Dorsal

Ventral

Cranial Cavity

houses the brain

Dorsal Cavity

contains the brain and spinal cord

Ventral Cavity

thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

Serosa membrane

thin double layered membrane

Name two parts of the Serosa membrane and define them

Parietal - outer layer, lines cavity

Visceral - inner layer, lines organs

List the 4 levels of organization in the body

cells

tissue

organs

organ systems

Define cells

Basic unit of life

Define tissue

group of similar cells that performs a specialized function

list 4 types of tissue

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

Epithelial

A body tissue that covers the surfaces of the body, inside and out

Connective tissue

provides support for your body and connects all its parts

Muscle

tissue that can contract, causing movement of an organ or part of the body

Nervous tissue

Tissue that senses stimuli and transmits signals.

organs

Groups of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or related functions

Organ systems

A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions.

Homeostasis

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state

Negative feedback loop

Causes a system to change in the opposite direction from which it is moving (Temperature)

positive feedback loop

Causes a system to change further in the same direction. (Labor Contractions)

Atoms

Basic unit of matter

Nucleus

the center of an atom, which contains the protons and neutrons

Electrons

Negatively charged particles that orbit the Nucleus

Atomic #

# of protons in the nucleus

List the 4 most common atoms in living beings

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Nitrogen

Elements

Cannot be broken down into any other simpler substance

Chemical bonding

The joining of atoms to form new substances, 8 electrons in outer shells

Ionic bonds

Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

Cations

positively charged ions, loses electrons

Anions

negatively charged ions, gains electrons,

Covalent bond

A chemical bond when atoms share electrons

Chemical reaction

the process by which one or more substances change to produce one or more different substances

Reagents

A substance or mixture for use in chemical reactions

Product

A substance produced in a chemical reaction

Synthesis

bonds formed; energy stored

ex: Na+Cl = NaCl

Decomposition

A chemical reaction that breaks down compounds into simpler products.

ex: NaCl = Na+Cl

List 2 types Exchanging bonds and give an example of each

Single replacement: ab+c = ac+b

Double replacement: ab+cd = ac+bd

Potential energy

stored energy

Kinetic energy

energy released, creates heat

What does pH stand for

power of hydrogen

List 3 parts of the pH scale and their numeric value

Acid <7 (more H)

Neutral =7

Base >7 (less H)

What is the normal pH of blood

7.35-7.45

What percentage of the body is made up of water?

60%

Organic matter

Contains carbon

List 4 categories of organic matter

carbohydrates

lipids

proteins

nucleic acids

Characteristics of carbohydrates

energy source

simple sugars

contains CHO atoms

water soluble

List 3 monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, galactose

Characteristics of lipids

fats

store energy

contains CHO

NOT water soluble

Proteins

amino acids

contains CHON

Nucleic acids

DNA and RNA

chain of nucleotides

Nucleotide

phosphate, sugar, nitrogen base

List the 5 Nitrogen bases

Adenine (A)

Guanine (G)

Cytosine (C)

Thymine (T) *DNA

Uracil (U) *RNA

What does DNA stand for?

deoxyribonucleic acid

Characteristics of DNA

double stranded

deoxyribose (sugar) backbone

Nitrogen base: ACGT (A binds to T. C binds to C)

Characteristics of RNA

Ribose Sugar

Single-stranded

Contains nitrogenous base ACGU (A binds to U. C binds to G)

What does RNA stand for?

ribonucleic acid

Cytology

study of cells

plasma membrane characteristics

selective permeability

fluid and moving

Phospholipid bilayer + proteins + Carbohydrates

Phospholipid bilayer structure

Phosphate/hydrophilic head

Fatty acid/hydrophobic tail

What is the difference between hydrophilic and hydrophobic?

Hydrophilic likes water.

Hydrophobic repels water

List the 2 proteins found in the plasma membrane of a cell and their characteristics

Integral - form channels that allow molecules to enter and exit cells

Peripheral - located on inner or outer surface

List the 2 Carbohydrates that are found in the plasma membrane and their characteristics

Glycoproteins = outer surface, Peripheral proteins + sugar

Glycolipids = fats + sugar

Glycocalyx

"sugar coating" on surface of cell

sticky/ responsible for adhesion and cell binding

made up of Glycolipids and Glycoproteins

Cytoplasm

the jelly-like portion of the cell outside the nucleus

Cytosol

Fluid portion of cytoplasm

cytoskeleton

Fibers that give structure to the cytoplasm

organelles

A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell

nucleus

Control center of the cell

Contains DNA and RNA

name the parts of the Nucleus

membrane (envelope)

nucleolus

nucleic acids

chromatin

nucleic acid

DNA/RNA

Chromatin

Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell (histones)

What is the main difference between DNA and RNA?

DNA is double stranded and RNA is single stranded

mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell

make energy/ATP

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work

Ribosomes

Assembles amino acids to create proteins

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

The transportation system of the cell. It moves materials around the cell

Name the 2 kinds of ER

rough and smooth

What is the difference between rough ER and smooth ER?

rough = protein transport, has ribosomes attached

smooth = lipid storage, no ribosomes

Gogli Apparatus

packages and ships out proteins in the ER

Vescicles

Small membrane bubbles that move molecules around the cell