PRACTICAL PART - PROPED

EXAM, practical part, fra ANKI

1. Hair and skin Examination

A. Hair coat:

1. Integrity - no alopecia or atrichia

2. Color, corresponding to breed

3. surface - shininess, smoothness, soiling (shiny, smooth, clean)

4. ectoparasites

Individual hair:

elasticity, trichorrhexis, trichoptilosis

Healthy: coat integrity without changes, color acc. to breed, smooth, shiny, moist, elastic, no trichorrhexis, tricoliptosis and no ectoparasites.

sheep: whole, clean, color acc. to breed, no ectoparasites.

B. Skin examination:

1. Color

2. Integrity (can be changed by lesions/injuries)

3. elasticity (behind scapula or neck, upper eyelid in sheep)

4. Moisture (sweat and sebaceous gland activity)

   • sebaceous: oily covering of coat/skin, crust, fatty crust (normal: not oily/greasy)

5. temperature (symmetry on spots on body)

6. odor

7. changes in size

8. pruritus (itchiness)

9. Detection of efflorescence, ectoparasites, ringworm

Healthy: compact skin integrity, light red/yellowish color, no swelling, even temperature, normal sweat and sebaceous gland activity, odor typical for species, no pruritus, no efflorescences, ectoparasites and ringworm.

2. Examination of visible mucous membranes and eye

A) Mucous Membranes (9) - check (1) oral, (2) nasal, (3) conjunctival, (4) vaginal/preputial

1. color

2. smoothness

3. shininess

4. moisture

5. volume

6. integrity

7. discharge

8. efflorescence

Healthy: Pink, smooth, shiny, moist, no swelling, no injury, no discharge (some in bo), no efflorescence.

B) Eyes:

1. Surrounding area

   • Hair, swelling, lesions, injury, Parasites, Discharge

   • Healthy: No alopecia/atrichia, no swelling, no lesions/injuries, no parasites, normal amount of discharge

2. Eyelids

   • Size, position, symmetry, movement

   • healthy: Normal size, even position, symmetrical, movable

3. Conjunctiva

   • Color, smoothness, shininess, moist, swelling, integrity, discharge, effloroscence

   • Healthy: pink, smooth, shiny, moist, no swelling, no injury, no discharge, no efflorescence

4. Third eyelid

   • color, moist, shininess, position + shape, efflorescence

   • Healthy: pink, moist, shiny, normal position and shape, no efflorescence

5. Eyeball

   • Size, position, movement, direction of visual axis

   • Healthy: normophtalmus, normal position, no nystagmus, no strabismus

6. Sclera

   • Color, surface, episcleral vessels

   • Healthy: white, smooth, adequate dilated episcleral vessels

7. Cornea

   • Reflectiveness, smoothness, regularity, transparency, bulging, deposited material

   • healthy: Reflective, smooth, regular, transparent, no keratoglobus/keratoconus, no presence of material

8. Iris

   • color, pigment, shape, pupillary reflex

   • healthy: color acc. to breed, normal pigmentation, isocoric shape, present pupillary reflex

9. Lens (examined with opthalmoscope or in daylight)

   • transparency, change of position

   • healthy: transparent, normal position

10. Eye function

    • wave hand in front of eye, touch cornea (with hair)

3. Examination of Lymphatic system

List of Lymph nodes and their shape:

1. Submandibular - walnut (raspberry in horse)

2. Parotid (not palpable)

3. retropharyngeal (not palpable)

4. prescapular - fusiform

5. prefemoral - fusiform

6. mammary - plum shaped

7. scrotal (not palpable)

8. popliteal - dog, pea-shaped

How to examine:

• size, shape, symmetry, tenderness, consistency, surface, structure, adhesion to underlying tissue, temperature

• Healthy: anatomical size, shape according, symmetrical, no tenderness, firm-elastic consistency, homogenous/lobed structure, smooth surface, movable against underlying tissue, temperature same as surrounding parts.

How to examine lymphatic vessels:

• Inspection and palpation (normally not possible)

4. Examination of the cardiovascular system

History, peripheral circulation, heart.

A. Peripheral Circulatory system:

Inspection:

1. visible Mucous membranes - look for:

   • pallor (anemia, shock), hyperaemia (engorgement of b.v.), hemorrhages, cyanosis, swelling of conjunctivae, swelling of conjunctivae, dryness (dehydration, fever).

2. Skin

   • color, size, elasticity

B. Arteries:

• frequency, rhythm, quality (size, strength, duration)

  • healthy: Regular pulse, uniform, of adequate strength.

  • weak and strong (bo), strong and hard (ca), strong and soft (horse).

C. Capillaries:

1. inspection of episcleral vessels (fullness, color, dilation)

   • check on eye

   • healthy: moderately filled, in contrast to background, adequately filled.

2. Palpation: CRT on oral mucosa (1-2 sec is normal)

D. Veins:

• Fullness - venostasis test on jugular vein, visual subcutaneous abdominal

• movement of abdominal and jugular vein

• healthy: abdominal (full), jugular (empty, negative venostasis test, undulating movement)

E. Heart area:

Dog: 4th-6th ICS

Horse: 3rd-5th ICS

Cattle: 3-4th ICS

1. Inspection: Chest shape, deformities, elbow abduction, chest wall vibrations

   • Healthy: normal chest shape, no elbow abduction, no vibrations

2. Palpation: Palpate both sides 3rd-6th ICS

   • check for tenderness, temperature, tremor

   • Healthy: Even temp., no tenderness, no tremors

3. Percussion (left side, dytt foten litt fram):

   • Size

   • sensitivity/tender

   • type of sound alteration

     • relative dull (ru, su, fe), absolute dull (eq, ca)

   • healthy: Normal size, no pain, sound typical for species

F. Heart: (located - eq (3-6 ICS left), dog (4-5 ICS left), Bo (3-4 ICS left)

1. Palpation: frequency, rhythm, presence of fremitus

   • Healthy: normocardia, regular rhythm, no fremitus

2. Auscultation sounds:

   • healthy: Lub-Dub (S1-S2)

   • S3 in some horse, s4 in large animals detected by phonocardiography

3. Heart sound - FIRDA:

   • frequency

   • intensity

   • rhythm

   • demarcation (clarity of onset/offset)

   • murmur

   Healthy: normocardia, intensive, regular rhythm (respiratory sinus arrhythmia in borubon), distinctive terminated sounds, no abnormal sounds.

5. Examination of respiratory system

A. Audovisual examination:

• Frequency

• Type of breathing (costoabdominal, abdominal, costal)

  • Costal - racehorse, dog dominant

  • abdominal - ru dominant

  • costoabdominal (mixed) usually

• Rhythm (eupnoe = normal)

• Intensity

• depth

• symmetry

• dyspnoea - changes in depth, breathing, distressed

Healthy: Normopnea, costoabdominal (ru more abdominal, car more costal), eupnoea (eq: 1.1:8, bo: 1:1.2, car: 1:1.6, goat: 1:1.7), intensive, normal depth, symmetric, no dyspnea

Upper Respiratory System:

1. Breath from nostrils: Using back of hand → checking:

   • Intensity, symmetry, volume, odor

     (intensive, symmetrical, normal volume, odor species specific)

2. Noze/Muzzle surroundings:

   • symmetry

   • deformation

   • swelling

   Healthy: moist, shiny, some/no discharge (bo - normal with serous discharge)

   • smooth, no lesions

3. Nostrils:

   • color, surface, efflorescence, discharge

   Healthy: pink, smooth, no efflorescence, some serous discharge

4. Nasal mucosa

   Healthy: pink, smooth, shiny, moist, no swelling, no injuries, some serous discharge, no efflorescence

5. Nasal and paranasal cavities:

   • inspection: size, shape, symmetry, injury

   • palpation: tenderness, consistency

   • percussion: tenderness, percutoric sound

   Healthy: normal size and shape, symmetric, no injury, no pain, hard consistency on palpation, no pain and clear percutoric sound on percussion.

   • Tapping on sinuses - maxillary (cranially ventrally) and frontal (bw. eyes)

6. Guttural pouches: inspection + palpation in eq

7. Pharynx and Larynx:

   • Inspection: size, shape, symmetry

   • palpation: consistency, tenderness

     healthy: normal shape and size, symmetric, elastic consistency (pharynx), firm-elastic (larynx), no pain

8. Trachea:

   • inspection: size, shape

   • palpation: tenderness, consistency

   • auscultation: breathing sounds

   • special: bronchoscopy, transtracheal lavage

     Healthy: normal shape and size, no pain, firm-elastic consistency, louder inspiration.

Lower Respiratory Tract:

1. Topography:

   • cow: right side: 11 ICS-9ICS-olecranon. Left side: 12 ICS - 9 ICS - olecranon.

   • Horse: 16ICS-11ICS-olecranon

2. Inspection of thorax:

   • Size

   • symmetry

   • local changes

   • breathing movements

   • type of breathing

   • movement of ICS

   Healthy: symmetrical walls, balanced ICS, size appropriate to species

3. Palpation of thorax (fist or fingers in ICS):

   • temperature, tenderness, consistency, tremor, pain, crepitation, reaction of animal

   Healthy: even temp., no pain, elastic, no tremor, no crepitation

4. Auscultation of breath sounds (listen to 2-3 cycles at each):

   • Nasal cavity, larynx, trachea (turbulent sound)

   • bronchioles - thoracic (quiet, laminar sound)

   • Frequency, intensity, duration, abnormal sounds

5. Percussion: In ICS, from top to bottom or side to side, 2 taps each place

   • size, percutoric sound, tenderness

   healthy: normal size, resonant percutoric sound, no pain

6. Examination of GIT

Diet, Appetite, Feed intake, Salivation, Fluid intake, Rumination, Eructation, Regurgitation and vomiting, Oral cavity and pharynx, Oesophagus, Abdomen, Omasum, Abomasum, Stomach, Intestines, Defecation, Feces (Red = only ru)

1. Diet: Appearance, color, odor, consistency, quantity, diet composition, structure, frequency of feeding, time

2. Appetite: good, inappetence, anorexia, parorexia

3. Feed intake: Observe movement of lips, jaws, mandible and tongue

   • Healthy: phys. prehension, chewing and swallowing

4. Salivation: normosalivation/hyper/oligosialia

   • cattle secrete 12L saliva per kg dry feed per day

5. Fluid intake (daily): cattle (40-60L), horse (40-50L), dog (0.2-3L), small ru/pig: 3-12L

6. Rumination: starts 6th week after birth

   • rejection - bolus return from rumen, rematication - relapse of bolus, deglutition - swallowing of remasticated bolus

7. Eructation (belching, ructus) - with hay (15-20x/hr), with green fodder (60-90x/hr)

8. Regurgitation & vomitus:

   • regur: from esophagus

   • vomitus: from stomach

   • rejected material: color, odor, tissue fragments, foreign bodies

9. Oral cavity and pharynx - head inspection + palpation

   • swelling, injury, odor (from oral cavity)

     healthy: no swelling, no injuries, odor acc. to diet

   • inspection:

     • tone of jaw muscles, MM, teeth, tongue (color, movement, pain, consistency, covering, injuries)

     • Healthy: normotonous, pink, smooth, shiny, moist, no swelling, no injuries, no discharge and no efflorescence of MM, teeth acc. to species and age, white, no/some tartar. Tongue is pink, movable, painless, firm-elastic, uncovered, no injuries/lesions

   • Pharynx: size, shape, changes/swelling, tenderness

     • healthy: normal size and shape, no swelling, no pain

10. Esophagus:

    • inspection: swallowing, bolus movement, gas released observed in left jug. groove

    • palpation: tenderness and consistency (not palpable)

11. Abdomen:

    • inspection: from behind in large animals, from above in small

      • size and symmetry (asymmetric in ru)

    • palpation: fullness, tenderness, tension (eq + ca normally tense during palpation)

    • Percussion: pain, location and extent, percutoric sound

    • Auscultation: peristalsis

12. Omasum (7-9th ICS)

    • palpation: tenderness

    • percussion: damped sound

    • auscultation: 10th ICS? - quiet sounds of leaves motility - 7-8 times/5min

    • puncture: assess motility, 9th ICS

13. Abomasum (11-12th ICS right side)

    • inspection: size

    • palpation: behind costal arch, right side

      • no pain, elastic consistency

    • auscultation: quiet sound

14. Stomach (Only palpation in su and car)

    • inspection: size

    • palpation: size, elastic consistency, tenderness, foreign bodies

    • gastric content + pH (acidic)

15. Intestines - topography:

    • cow: right side (SI ventrally, cecum dorsally)

    • eq:

      • right: cecum caudally, large colon cranially

      • left: small colon and flexura pelvina of large colon

    • car: SI right side, LI left side

16. Intestines - palpation, percussion, auscultation:

    • palpation: tenderness + tension (rigid in eq + ca)

    • percussion: tenderness, percutoric sound

      • bo: tympanic, subtympanic dorsally, dampened ventrally

      • eq: completely damped

      • ca: tympanic

    • Auscultation:

      • eq: clear loud sound. SI = splashing, bubbling. LI = roaring

      • dog and pig: calm

17. Defecation: posture and frequency (eq - 8-20, bo-12-24, ca-1-3 a day)

18. Feces: color (herb - green/brown, ca - brown), consistency (solid, pasty, porridge, watery, mucous), surface (mucoid in horse), odor, comminution degree in herb (high), abnormal content, microscopy.

7. Examination of the rumen in cow

Location of rumen: whole left side of abominal cavity

1. inspection: fullness and contour evaluation by scoring system: 1 (deeply hollow) → 5 (heavily filled rumen)

2. Palpation: fist in left flank hollow

   • frequency, intensity, consistency, pain

3. Percussion: combined with palpation

   • fullness, tenderness

   • layering: content - consistency - percutoric sound

     • gas - elastic - tympanic

     • roughage - doughy - relatively damped

     • fluid - elastic - absolute damped

     • sediment - elastic - dull

4. Auscultation:

   • rumen contractions: frequency, rhythm, duration - normal

     • cattle and goat: 7-14/5min

     • sheep: 6-16/5 min

8. Examination of the rumen fluid in the cow

Collection: 3-4h after feeding by oral passage of metallic Thygesen/esophageal tube, collection by syringe → into warmed double jacket container.

• Filtrate rumen fluid through cotton for sensory examination. Centrifuge for chemical examination.

• Examine within 1-2 hours after collection, including sensory, chemical and microscopic.

1. Microscopical:

   • One drop of the fluid onto slide → 10x

   • density, motility of protozoa, proportions (L, M, S)

2. Sensory examination

   • color: various mix of green/brown

     • pathologic color: milk grey (grain overfeeding), darker green (ruminal stasis), grey with clots of milk (abomasal reflux calves).

   • consistency: watery, slightly viscous

   • odor: aromatic, non-repellent

3. Chemical:

   • pH: 6-7

   • total acidity: 17-29 titration units

   • volatile FA: 80-120

   • Cl conc: < 25 mmol/L

   • lactic acid: 0-3. 3.3 mmol/L

9. Examination of reticulum in the cow

Location: behind olecranon, left side, 6-8th rib

1. Palpation: not-palpable, but in area of xiphoid cartilage, laterally behind diaphragm in lower third of chest.

   • fist pressure on both sides → evaluate pain

2. Percussion: below lung field - 6-8th rib

   • diagnostic value in foreign body disease

   • dull sound - resonant in lung field

   • painful and box sound in case of reticuloperitonitis

3. Auscultation: 10cm behind elbow both sides, behind 7th rib

   • number and quality of reticulum contractions: 5-7/5min

   • biphasic: contraction: one leading to rumen and one gives fluid to omasum

   • weak crushing/swishing sound

   • motility is strongest after feed and water intake

Test for foreign bodies in reticulum:

• Principle: cause or increase pain

• physical tests: back grip, pole test, pressure on reticulum, percussion, zone test, downhill or circling movement, US, ferroscopy

  • back grip: skin fold over withers. Inspiration = inflamed area moves = animal shows pain or interrupts expiration

  • pole tests: 2 people place metal pole on ventral part of abdomen. From sternum to udder. Lift pole then suddenly lower. 3rd person observe signs of pain.

  • Pressure on reticulum: press with fist with support of knee.

  • Percussion: percatoric sound and pain (pain + box sound = traumatic peritonitis)

  • zone test: low diag. value, create small skin fold in painful area.

  • downhill or circlic movement: animal refuses to move down slope or in a circle. Little diag. value.

  • ferroscopy: detect metal object by special device. (Ferrite magnet)

• Positive test: grunting, teeth grinding, interruption of expiration, sweating, incr. movement of an animal or kicking towards the painful area.

Inflammatory pain (traumatic reticuloperitonitis), injury pain (penetrating foreign bodies)

10. Examination of Liver

Topography:

• Bo: 11-12 th ICS right side

• Eq: not in contact with wall

• sRU: same as cattle, might extend beyond costal arch

• Ca: right side.: 10-13th rib, left side.: 10-12th rib (palpate laying on back)

1. Inspection:

   • MM + skin (jaundice)

   • Neurological signs

   • Nutritional state

   • Feces change

   • Edema/ascites

   • ! Look for jaundice, neurological disorders, anorexia, weakness, poor nutritional status, colic, steatorrhea, diarrhea, hemorrhagic diathesis, edema/ascites, acholic faeces, hemoglobinuria

2. Palpation (not in horse):

   • size, position, pain, consistency (firm-elastic)

3. Percussion:

   • ru: 11-12th ICS

   • ca: 10-13th ICS

   • dull percutoric sound, size, tenderness

4. Special examination: biopsy, USG, MRI, CT, laproscopy

5. Lab methods: biochemical (conc. of bilirubin, hepatic enzymes)

6. Icterus:

   • pre-hepatic - hemolytic

   • hepatic - liver damage

   • obstructive - problem with bile system

11. Examination of the urinary system

Topography of kidney - picture.

Anamnesis: info about water intake, urinary behavior, changes in volume and quality of urine.

1. Inspection:

   • Posture

   • Frequency

   • changes in amount and quality

   • free of pain/dysuria

2. Palpation:

   • rectal examination in large animals, external in small

     • size, pain/tenderness, consistency (firm elastic), surface (smooth)

3. Percussion (ONLY CATTLE)

   • right kidney, size and pain

   • dull sound without enlargement and pain.

4. Special examination: X-ray, USG, renal function test, biopsy (bovine, left behind costal arch 5-10cm below) lumbar, right under L1).

5. Ureters: normally not palpable, can feel rectally if ureteritis.

6. Urinary bladder palpation: rectal examination in large, through abd. wall in small

   • size - according to fullness

   • adhesions - no

   • consistency - elastic

   • pain/tenderness

   • presence of foreign bodies

     (normal size, elastic, no pain, no foreign)

     special: USG, Cystoscopy-color, bladder mucosa, x-ray

7. Urethra:

   • Females: orificium urethrae with vaginal speculum, digital palpation/urethroscopy - size, shape, injuries, lesions and foreign objects

   • males: urehtroscopy, palpation of penis, perineal area - consistency (elastic), pain

12. Examination of the urine

Urine collection:

• Spontaneous

• induced: stroking vulva/perineum (cow and mare), stroking preputial sac (bull), glove in front of nostrils/mouth on small ruminant 30-60s.

• catheterization - not male small ru.

• cystocentesis - car

Sensory urinalysis:

• colour - yellow (urochrome)

• transparency - transparent, cloudy in horse

• consistency - water, viscous in horse

• odour - pleasant in herbivores (aromatic odor of urine of ruminants), unpleasant in carnivores, fruity smell = ketosis

• abnormal content

• specific gravity: 1.010-1.065

Chemical Urinalysis:

• pH: ru and eq: 7-8, car: 5-7

• proteins-low to none

• enzymes - none

• glucose - none

• ketones - minimal

• bile pigments - bilirubin and urobilinogen

Microscopic Urinalysis:

• Organic sediment: cells, bacteria

• Inorganic sediments: crystals

13. Examination of locomotor system

Posture: See from cranial, caudal, lateral position

• Regular/irregular

  • Stiffness: muscle disorders

  • Kneeling: pain in distal parts of limbs (fracture. laminitis)

  • Crossing of legs: fractures of claws (ru, pig)

  • Dog sitting position: acute gastric dilatation in horse, achilles/hamstring tendon rupture, nutritional muscular dystrophy, paraparesis

Position

• Normal: Animal is able to stand up without assistance

• Test with external stimuli

• cattle: hindlimbs first, horse: forelimbs first

Movement “Rabbits run fast downhill”

• male animal walk - evaluate rate, range, force, and direction

• Locomotor scoring system:

  1. Normal gait

  2. mild lameness (stand with flat back, arched when walking)

  3. moderate lameness (stand and walk with arched back)

  4. lameness (shifting weight from affected leg)

  5. severe lameness (cannot walk on affected legs)

Muscles

• Inspection: size and shape - normothrophy and symmetrical

• Palpation: muscle tone, pain, temperature

  • normotonus, no pain, even temperature

Bones

• Inspection: shape and contour - normal shape and contour

• Palpation: consistency, sensitivity, crepitation

  • hard consistency, no pain and no crepitation

Joints

• Inspection: size and shape, extent of bending and flexing

  • normal size and shape, regular flexing and bending

• Palpation: temperature, pain, consistency

  • even temp., no pain, consistency?

• Radiological

• Puncture: collection of synovial fluid

  • normal: clear, colourless (yellowish opalescence), no smell, coagulates in 48h.

  • Pathological: arthritis: content vary, sometimes purulent

Foot examination

• Inspection: normal size, shpae

• palpation: no tenderness

• percussion

• pressure test or proble

14. Examination of the nervous system

A. Skull and Spine (Inspection + Palpation)

1. Inspection: changes of skull cover:

   • volume, loss of substance, integrity, pain, flexibility of bone base

   • normal: normal size, no loss of substance, normal integrity, no pain

2. Inspection: changes of spine and neck:

   • Lordosis, scoliosis, kyphosis

   • Opisthotonus

3. Palpation:

   • Tenderness

   • consistency - hard

   • shape

   • size

   • Position

   • stiffness

(The Cranium Should Stay Pretty Strong)

Then we continue by:

B. Sensorium

• Consciousness: bright/alert

  • deviations: depression or excitation

C. Sensitivity

1. Superficial

   a) pricking skin along whole body

   b) Pinch interdigital skin/skin above hooves

2. Deep

   a) Bend neck to one side

   b) cross legs

   small animals:

   • Wheel barrowing (forelimbs)

   • Hopping (forelimbs)

   • Proprioception (all limbs)

   • Extensor thrust (hindlimbs)

   • Placing (forelimbs)

3. Sensory

   a) Eye - vision loss = amaurosis

   b) hearing - anacusia (no hearing)

   c) smell - anosmia (no smell)

Reflexes - cranial nerves (9)

1. menace - vision

2. palpebral - medial canthus of eye

3. vibrissae - touch upper lip

4. auricular - touch ear

5. corneal - touch cornea with hair

6. pupillary - by light

7. oculocephalic - move head to one side, move quick to other side (nystagmus)

8. Gag - touch larynx

9. tongue movement and symmetry

Reflexes - spinal cutaneous nerves:

• Panniculus - along spine

• withdrawal - interdigital pinch

• anal - touch around anus

Reflexes - Spinal limb (ONLY CAR!)

• Front limb:

  • Triceps - tap tendon over olecranon

  • extensor carpi radialis - tap dorsolateral on leg

  • flexor - stretch limb maximally and release → flex

• Hind limb:

  • patellar - tap patellar ligament

  • cranialis tibialis - dorsolateral part of leg

  • flexor - stretch limb max. and release → flex

15. examination of the mammary gland

Anatomy of Mammary gland

• Cattle: 4 glands, one lactiferous duct per

• Horse: 2 glands, 2 lactiferous ducts per

Anamnesis:

• Previous lactation (milk yield, prev. lactation, prev. disease)

• stage of lactation (1st, 2nd, 3rd, dry-period)

• Zoo hygienic conditions (housing, pasture, box, bedding)

• Previous and current problems in the herd

A. Inspection udder:

1. Shape: key shaped optimal

   • abdominal, alrge, caudal, round, stepped, goat-like, primitive

2. Size: medium and large optimal (L, M, S)

3. Symmetry: fore-hind asymmetry, left-right symmetry

4. Skin: Color, soliling, hair, temperature, efflorescence, injuries, ectoparasities

   • normal: pink, unsoiled, reasonable hairing, even temp., no efflorescence, injuries or ectoparasites

B. Inspection of teats:

1. shape: cylindrical optimal

   • other: Bottle-like, pencil-like, conical, short, collapsed, fleshy

2. Size: 8-10cm

3. surface: smooth

4. number: according to species

5. supernumerary teat: cranial, accessory, intermediate

6. Teat end: normal with rounded tip

   • other: dished teat with flat tip, funner or crater, shaped, pocket, pointed

7. Dripping from teats, hygiene under udder, behavior of animal

C. Palpation of Udder: Palpate after milking from right side, palpate symmetrically with both hands

• Parenchyma (normal case):

  • structure (fine-grained)

  • consistency (soft-elastic)

  • no pain

  • temperature the same as environment

D. Palpation of teats and lnn.

• Teats and cisterns are painless, elastic

• sphincter is firm-elastic

• Lymph nodes:

  • no enlarged

  • plum-shaped

  • symmetrical

  • firm-elastic

  • homogenous

  • smooth

  • painless

E. Examination of mammary gland secretions

1)Sensory:

• Volume, color (white, milky, colostrum = yellow), consistency (water/milky), odor (typical), abnormal contents (blood, flakes, fibrin, pus, blood clots, serous secretion).

2)California Test:

• Used with clinical fine milk

• Reagent: Alkularylsulphonate and phenol red as indicator

• Procedure:

  • 4-well plastic paddle: 1ml of freshly milked secretion into each

  • 1ml test into each

  • mix

  • positive: increased nr. somatic cells - change of consistency, red color

  • Plastic paddle: A right front, B right hind, C left front, D left hind

3)Chemical:

• pH (6-4-6.8)

• Cl conc. < 1.5g/L

• Fat: circa 3.5%

• lactose: circa 4%

• Proteins: casein - 2.7%, globulins 0.1%

16. Topography of the horse

1. Lung field: dorsal line, 16 ICS - 11th ICS - olecranon

2. Kidneys: D

   • Right: heart-shaped, firmly attached. Last 3 ribs → L1

   • Left: L1 → L3, looser attached

3. Heart:

   • Right: 3-4 ICS

   • Left: 3-5 ICS

4. Liver and intestines:

   • Right side: cecum caudally, large colon cranially, in front of cecum

   • left side: small colon dorsally, flexura pelvina of large colon ventrally

   • Liver: in concavity of diaphragm

17. Topography of the cattle

Lungs:

• right side: dorsal line, 11th ICS - 9th ICS - olecranon

• Left side: dorsal line, 12th ICS - 9th ICS - olecranon

Kidney:

• Right: last rib → L2/L3

• Left: depends on rumen content, from L3/L4

Heart:

• 3-4th ICS left side

Liver:

• 11th-12 ICS right side

Stomach:

• Right side:

  • Abomasum: 11th-12th ICS

  • Omasum: 7-9 ics

• Left side:

  • rumen: all over

  • reticulum: 6-8 ICS

Intestines:

• Small intestine: ventrally

• cecum between SI and Colon

• colon: dorsally