Quiz 2 - History of Art and Design

What was important to the Roman culture at this time?

• conquest and administration

• militaristic society

• used art to tell stories

What was happening socially and politically during Ancient Rome?

• military expansion spread into other areas = dominance

• conquer lands, spread their language, law and religion

Domus

• single homes for the wealthy

• entry was through the atrium

• there are no exterior windows to allow for privacy from the street

• built with stone, plaster and brick

Compluvium

• Skylight used to let in light and rainwater

Impulvium

• sunken floor basin used to collect rainwater and channel it into cisterns

House of silver wedding

• archaeological remains of a roman house in Pompeii

• was found buried in ash

Insulae

• What were they?

• Who lived where?

• Rome

• typical middle or lower class dwellings

• concrete apartment blocks; rarely had interior plumbing

• rise as high as five stories

• housed up to 50 people

• ground floor was shops; wealthiest lived on ground floor

• the higher up you lived the poorer you were and the more risks they took with their safety in regards to the building

The Forum

• an outdoor public space/market with a temple

• open space, square or rectangle bounded on three sides by colonnades with the fourth side being a basilica

• center for civil and social activity

The Basilica

• huge roofed building that acted as a municipal hall and law court

• divided into three aisles

  • central main aisle flanked by 2 smaller aisles with rows of colonnades

Basilica Ulpia

• Where is it located?

• What did it contain?

• located at the end of the forum

• 3 aisles:

  • main central

  • two smaller ones

• the apses contained statues of gods or thrones emperors

• also contained libraries

• interior was marble and bronze

The colosseum

• referred to as an amphitheater

• used for sports events

• constructed of concrete and stone with an exterior covered in travertine marble

• held 50,000-80,000 spectators and would host 100 days worth of events

• consists of rows of arcades and has superposed classical orders: Tuscan, ionic and Corinthian

• the corridors employ vaults: barrel and groin

The Pantheon

• What was it dedicated to?

• What was special about it architecturally?

• Was the first building of its kind to have a concrete dome

• Temple dedicated to 5 planetary Gods

  • Jupiter

  • Mars

  • Mercury

  • Saturn

  • Venus

• Comprised of portico and rotunda

  Domed space has illumination from the oculus

Trajan’s column

• 125’ high

• marble: originally painted

• interior spiral staircase

• continuous storyline by showing a story from bottom of column to top

  • tells us about the life of romans a the time

Public Baths

• places for bathing, socializing and swimming

• men and women bathed at different times or areas

Young Flavian Woman

• Marble

• 25”

• Bust: Funerary Art

• Carved in idealized beauty

• showed the movement away from realism to idealism in art

• Material?

• What did this pose symbolize?

• What was this statue used for?

• Augustus of Prima Porta

• Early 1st century of A.D

• Marble

• 6’8” high

• had mother earth with a cornucopia on his breastplate

  • symbolized plenty of food and rome’s dominion over earth

• Arm stretched out in peace to show he us humble

• strong example of art used as propaganda

• Augustus lived a hedonistic life

• What is it?

• Style?

• Features?

• Soothsayers: Villa of Cicero

• 1st style: Roman mosaic

• Hellenistic

• Small coloured stones and tiles with grout

• facial features are exaggerated

• found in homes and public buildings

Villa of Mysteries

• What is it?

• Where is it?

• Pompeii

• 2nd style fresco

• narrative fresco mural that wraps around the room

• background is known as ‘Pompeian Red’

• Ritual involving the God Bacchus and a wedding scene

• No shadows. Images are flat and lack perspective depth.

what is this

• Early 4th Style fresco

• ‘Still Life’: Herculaneum

• depicts volume and light within the painting. Tries to get a sense of round and attention to detail

Aegean - Cycladic Civilization, Minoan Civilization, Mycenaean Civilization

1. Where were they located? (where did they live?)

2. What was their culture like?

3. What are frescos? They were discovered underneath what?

4. Cite two main influences of Minoan-Mycenae culture on the Greeks or Romans.

1. Civilizations of Greece around the Aegean Sea.

   • The Cycladic Islands

   • The Minoans of Crete

   • The Mycenaeans of the mainland of Greece

2. Greeks used art to idealize - A renaissance (rebirth) in government, philosophy, art, literature, drama, mathematics, astronomy, and science occurred.

3. Frescos are the art of painting on plastered walls. They were hidden within the city of Pompeii

4. Religion and Mythological beliefs & Art and Architecture

Palace of Minos (Knossos)

State elements of its structure + architecture

• Red columns 

• The structure was made of a combination of stone masonry, rubble, plaster and wood.

• Artwork on the interior walls (frescos)

What is this?

Palace of Minos (Knossos)

What is this place?

Palace of Minos (Knossos)

What is this?

Palace of Minos (Knossos)

What is this and what’s its story? What is the meaning of it?

• The bull-leaping fresco

• It is a restored fresco on the walls of the Minoan palace at Knossos in Crete. It shows a bull-leaping scene.

• It is significant to Minoan culture as it underlies man’s somewhat mastery of nature. This is reaffirmed each time human triumphs over animal.

What were Megarons

• Ancient Greece/Classical architecture

• Their temple plans were derived from the ‘megarons’ found in Mycenaean palaces - their temple plans were derived from the ‘megarons’ found in Mycenaean palaces.

What is this an example of?

• A Megaron - these were how their temples were planned out.

• It was the great hall in Mycenean and ancient Greek palace complexes. Architecturally, it was a rectangular hall that was surrounded by four columns, fronted by an open, two-columned portico, and had a central, open hearth that vented through an oculus in the roof

What are tholos and what are their purpose?

• It is a round structure with a circular wall and a roof, usually built up on steps and often with a ring of columns supporting a domed roof.

• They were used as large ceremonial tombs.

What is this and whats its purpose

• It is a round structure with a circular wall and a roof, usually built up on steps and often with a ring of columns supporting a domed roof.

• They were used as large ceremonial tombs.

Ancient Greece

1. What was important to the Greek culture at this time? (what was valued)

2. What was happening socially and politically?

1. Athletic skill was admired and the Greeks began the Olympics in 4 year segments. The Olympics were so important - all wars on Greek territory were halted so competitors could travel safely.

2. Democracy was established - Independent city-states were created with the requirement that male citizens had to participate in their government. Even though slaves were still kept and women weren’t allowed to be involved in politics - the basis of democracy was established within the Greek city-state. - their influence extended to Ancient Rome

What are Amphoras?

• Means grave marker

• Upon death, the dead were buried intact with a grave marker (memorial) rather than preserved (Egyptian).

• These decorated vases were placed on grave sites as a mark of elite status.

What were the 7 styles of Ancient Greece?

1. Geometric Style

2. Orientalizing Style

3. Archaic Style

4. Late Archaic Style

5. Classical

6. Late Classical Style

7. Hellenistic Style

What is this and what is the detail showing? What is the style?

• Geometric amphora

• Geometric Style

• 5’ 1” high 

• Terracotta painted with dark glaze 

• Thus amphora was a grave marker and shows a scene of ‘prothesis’: lying-in-state- of the dead. 

• The deceased is lying on a horizontal bier, held up and flanked by mourners. The figures are geometric in shape: triangular torsos and round heads. 

• Each geometric pattern is framed by circular horizontal borders with two rows of animals proceeding around the neck of the vessel. 

What is this and what is the detail showing? What is the style?

• Orientalizing Style Amphora

• Orientalizing Style

• 4’ 8” high 

• Terracotta 

• Polyphemos Painter amphora 

• This scene shows Odysseus driving a spear through Cyclops Polyphemus' eye after he ate some of the sailors. 

• Influences from the Near East and Egypt started to influence Greek art. Shapes became larger and curvier than the geometric style. Geometric patterns become borders.

What is this and what is it showing? What is the style?

• Archaic Style Amphora

• Archaic Style

• 24” high 

• Terracotta with ‘black figure’ painting 

• Signed by Exekias (potter & painter)

• ‘Achilles and Ajax Playing a Board Game’

• Patterns become a boarding device - Narrative themes become central.

• Dominance is shown in the figure on the left (Achilles) suggesting he’ll win the game. Ajax has removed his helmet, he’s leaning over the board with his head lower.

What is this and what is it showing? What is the style?

• Late Archaic to Classical Style Amphora

• 21’ high 

• Niobid Painter: red-figure painting

• ‘Death of the Children of Niobe’

• The red-painting techniques allowed for greater detail in the figures

• Niobe was a human woman who boasted she was greater than the Goddess Leto because she had fourteen children. Apollo and Artemis reacted to this boast from a mortal woman and killed all of her children with arrows 

• Two of the fallen children are seen on the foreground in front of the narrative. 

What is this? What is the style? What’s different about it from previous artwork?

• Classical to Hellenistic Style

• 19” high 

• Terracotta: white-ground

• Reed painter 

• ‘Warrior by the Grave’

• Greek art begins to get more realistic and natural looking.

• Foreshortening is introduced and the bodied get more expressive.

• This is a grave dedication. The mourner is sitting by the grave, he’s bending from the waist and his head is angled showing contemplation. 

• Note: look at the face - its three-quarter profile. (different from the side profile from Egyptian art)

What is this? The style? Style choices?

• Statue of Kouros

• Ancient Greece/Archaic

• 76”

• Marble

• Kouros: youth or boy of rank

• These were either grace markers or individuals being honored in religious ceremonies 

• Stylistic links to Egypt evident in stance 

What is this? The style? Observations about her?

• Statue of Peplos Kore 

• Ancient Greece/Archaic

• 4’ high

• Marble 

• Kore = girl

• There are traces of paint on her rove which indicates the statues were painted. She may have been a depiction of the Goddess Athena. 

• Named for peplos: a woolen dress 

• Note her face: the lips are curved in a smile and her cheekbones are indicating it through the lift of the facial muscle. 

What is this? Style? Observations?

• The Kritios Boy

• Early Classical Style 

• 34” high 

• Marble

• This is a radical departure from sculpture before its creation and occurs around the time the Athenians were fighting with the Persians (King Darius I invasion then his son Xerxes’ invasion).

• After the final defeat of the Persians in 480 B.C.,

  • sculpture becomes less stylized. The smile is gone and comes neutral in expression. The torso shifts and there’s movement in the head: contrapposto pose (weight on one foot).

  • Natural representation of the human body 

  • Softer and not exaggerated 

  • Artists thought sculptures like this lacked interest

• Note: the ‘acorn’ hair - helps identify early Classical style. 

What is this? What is the style? What is different about this style.

• Warriors from Riace

• Early Classical/Classical Style 

• 6’ 6” high 

• Bronze with bone, glass paste, and copper inlay 

• The hair and dome-shaped head reference early Classical Style, the dynamic form and more natural appearance are indicative of Classical style.

• Note: A shift away from ‘naturalism’ to exaggerated muscles and lines within the form

  • Exaggerated features of the human body

  • Unrealistic representation of the body

What is this? Style? List observations about the sculpture.

• Aphrodite of Knidos

• 6’ 9” high 

• Marble

• Praxiteles: Late Classical Style

• Roman copy of the original

• S-curve known in his work

• She’s fleshy in her body and face.

• It was a commissioned piece by the city of Kos located on the Island of Kos. It was rejected because of its portrayal of a nude female - this was shocking.

• She is reaching for her drapery indicating modest, but the position of her hand draws the viewer's attention. 

• Praxiteles’ female nudes became part of the canon of art.

Who is this? Style (period)? Why was this sculpture different from previous ones?

• Boxer

• Hellenistic Period

• 4’ high 

• Bronze 

• This sculpture is highly realistic in its portrayal. Rather than idealizing the fighter as he would have been in previous periods, he shows cuts and scars on his face and torso. This was highlighted by the sculptor with the use of red/orange copper inlay.

• His flesh is sagging in the middle showing his age.

• His face is full of expression of weariness: his nose is broken, his ears are damaged (cauliflower ear)

• On his hands are leather knuckle straps that were commonly worn when boxing and would have inflicted serious damage on their opponent.

• What is this?

• Style?

• Architectural elements?

• Location?

• Why was it influential?

• And who was it built for?

• The Greek Parthenon

• Classical Style Architecture

• Located in Athens, Greece

• This temple was dedicated to the Goddess Athena: Goddess of wisdom, the arts, and war.

• It’s one of the most influential buildings in the world because of its proportions:

  • Its architecture, columns, and states employ the Golden Theory. 

  • All heights and widths were built in the ‘Classical Proportions’ (the Golden Mean)

Pediments

• Where on the building are these? What are the two stories they’re telling?

• These depicted mythological events from the life of the Goddess Athena:

• On the West side, she’s contesting Poseidon (God of the sea) for the patronage of the city (Athens).

• On the east side, it shows her birth and the rest of the Gods receiving the news: Zeus, her father, is located in the middle.

Doric Metopes

• What do the North, South, East, and West show

• What are the four battles they’re telling?

• They show mythological battles that were won: the victory of the Greeks over the Persians.

• North: the Trojan war

• East: the Olympians overthrowing the Titans

• South: the battle between Lapiths (Greek tribesmen) and Centaurs

• West: The Greeks vs the Amazons

What is this? Style? What does it show

• Classical style

• The Greek Parthenon

• 4’ 5” high 

• Marble

• High relief sculpture 

• Metope shows a battle scene of Lapiths (Greek tribesmen) battling Centaurs (half man, half horse)

• There were 14 scenes on the east/west side, 32 on the north/south sides. Most are scenes of single combat, the south side was the most intact. 

• Traces of paint on the remaining sculptures indicate they would

What is this? Style? What does it show?

• East Pediment Sculptures:

• Classical style

• Ascending height from 5’ to 11’

• From left to right: Apollo rising, Dionysos, Demeter, and Persephone, Iris.