social cognition

What is Social Cognition?

It involves how we interpret, analyse, remember & use information to make judgements about people in social situations.

What does Personal Perception refer to?

It refers to the mental processes we use to form impressions & draw conclusions about the personal characteristics of other people.

What is the Halo Effect?

A cognitive bias in which the impressions we form about one quality of a person influences our beliefs & expectations of the person’s other qualities.

How does Non-verbal Communication influence our impressions of others?

It influences our impressions through silent language such as body language.

What are the two types of attribution in Attribution Theory?

Personal/dispositional attribution and situational attribution.

What is the Fundamental Attribution Error?

The tendency to overestimate the influence of personal factors & underestimate situational factors influencing behaviour.

What does the Actor-Observer Bias describe?

The tendency to attribute our own behaviour to circumstances and other people’s behaviour to internal factors.

What is Self-Serving Bias?

When we take credit for successes but attribute failures to external factors.

What are the components of the Tri-component model of attitudes?

Affective component, behavioural component, and cognitive component.

What is Stereotyping?

The process of grouping people into categories based on what we know of them.

What is the difference between Prejudice and Discrimination?

Prejudice is a negative attitude towards a group, whereas discrimination is the behaviour directed towards a social group.

What does the term Bystander Effect refer to?

The tendency for individuals to be less likely to help another person in need when other bystanders are present.

What is the Reciprocity Norm?

The expectation that you should 'Do unto others as you would have them do unto you,' meaning you should give what you receive.

What does the term Empathy mean?

The ability to identify with or understand another person’s feelings or difficulties.

What is meant by Cost–Benefit Analysis in the context of helping behaviour?

It involves weighing the personal and social costs of helping against the benefits of not helping.

What are the types of bullying mentioned in the notes?

Physical bullying, verbal bullying, covert bullying, and cyberbullying.

What impact does media have on bullying according to the notes?

Media can positively or negatively influence behaviour and self-perception.

What is the role of Family Factors in contributing to bullying?

Lack of parental supervision, inconsistent discipline, and exposure to domestic violence can contribute to bullying.

What is Social Loafing?

The tendency of individuals to make less effort when involved in a group activity compared to when working alone.

What is Deindividuation?

The loss of individuality in a group, leading to less personal responsibility and potential for anti-social behaviour.