Theoretical Foundation of Nursing – Reviewer

Vocabulary flashcards covering concepts, non-nursing theories, developmental and moral theories, and major nursing theories from the notes.

Concepts

Interrelated ideas that describe or label phenomena within a theory; used to describe phenomena in nursing theory.

Definitions

Meanings assigned to concepts within a theory to convey their general meaning and fit the theory.

Assumptions

Taken-for-granted statements that connect concepts and shape the theory's definitions, purpose, relationships, and structure.

Phenomenon

An aspect of reality that can be consciously sensed or experienced; nursing theories focus on phenomena of nursing and care.

Person

All human beings; recipients of nursing care (individuals, families, communities, groups).

Environment

Internal and external factors affecting individuals; includes surroundings and settings where nursing care is provided.

Health

State of the person's well-being.

Nursing

Central concept; describes what nursing is, what nurses do, and how they interact with clients; diagnosis and treatment of human responses to health problems.

General Systems Theory

A non-nursing theory that analyzes wholes by breaking the whole into parts and examining purpose, content, and process.

Change Theory

Explains growth and change across the life span and how basic human needs are met in dynamic conditions.

Developmental Theory

Human growth and development as an orderly, predictive process from conception through death.

Biophysical Development

Describes how the physical body grows and changes.

Psychoanalytic/Psychosocial Development

Describes development of personality, behavior, and emotions; includes Freud and Erikson theories.

Freud's Psychoanalytic Model of Personality Development

Five psychosexual stages guiding gratification and bodily pleasure: Oral, Anal, Phallic/Oedipal, Latency, Genital.

Oral Stage (Freud)

Birth to 18 months; sucking and oral satisfaction vital and pleasurable.

Anal Stage (Freud)

12–18 months to 3 years; focus on toilet training and delayed gratification.

Phallic/Oedipal Stage

3–6 years; genitals focus, fantasy about opposite-sex parent, identification with same-sex parent.

Latency Stage

6–12 years; sexual urges repressed, channeled into productive activities.

Genital Stage

Puberty to adulthood; sexual urges directed outside family; resolved conflicts lead to mature relationships.

Erikson's Psychosocial Model

Eight life stages; each requires completing a specific developmental task.

Trust vs Mistrust

Birth to 1 year; infant learns to trust caregiver and self.

Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt

1–3 years; self-care abilities develop (walking, feeding, toileting).

Initiative vs Guilt

3–6 years; children try new roles; imagination; development of conscience.

Industry vs Inferiority

6–11 years; eagerness to learn and achieve; praise reinforces competence.

Identity vs Role Confusion

Puberty/Adolescence; body changes and self-image concerns.

Intimacy vs Isolation

Young adulthood; forming intimate relationships.

Generativity vs Self-Absorption and Stagnation

Middle age; focus on guiding the next generation.

Integrity vs Despair

Old age; reflection on life, search for meaning amid losses.

Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development

Four periods of thinking development: Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operations.

Sensorimotor (Piaget)

Birth to 2 years; infants learn through actions like hitting, looking, grasping.

Preoperational (Piaget)

2–7 years; thinking via symbols and images; egocentric.

Concrete Operational (Piaget)

7–11 years; develops logical mental operations.

Formal Operations (Piaget)

11 years to adulthood; abstract and theoretical thinking.

Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development

Three levels: Premoral/Preconventional, Conventional, Postconventional.

Premoral/Preconventional

Children respond to rules of good/bad; consequences guide behavior.

Conventional

Moral reasoning guided by expectations of family, groups, or nation.

Postconventional/Autonomous

Values and principles defined independently of external authority.

Adaptation Theory

Adaptation as adjustment to life and environment; three levels: internal (self), social, physical.

Florence Nightingale (Notes on Nursing)

First nursing theory; emphasizes caring and the legacy of caring in nursing.

Virginia Henderson (The Nature of Nursing)

Identified fourteen basic needs forming the basis for nursing care.

Faye Abdellah (Patient-Centered Approaches to Nursing)

Twenty-one nursing problems guiding nursing care.

Dorothy E. Johnson (Behavioral System Model)

Behavioral system with seven subsystems: Ingestive, Eliminative, Affiliative, Aggressive, Dependence, Achievement, Sexual and role identity.

Imogene King (Goal Attainment Theory)

Nursing as helping individuals and groups attain, maintain, and restore health.

Madeleine Leininger (Transcultural Nursing)

Transcultural nursing model addressing culture and care.

Myra Estrin Levine (Conservation Principles)

Four conservation principles guiding nursing to preserve unity and integrity.

Betty Neuman (Health Care Systems Model)

Nursing as a holistic systems model addressing all variables affecting stress responses.

Dorothea Orem (Self-Care Deficit Theory)

Self-care as activities people initiate to maintain life, health, and well-being.

Hildegard Peplau (Psychodynamic Nursing)

Interpersonal process of therapeutic nurse-patient interactions.

Martha Rogers (Science of Unitary Human Beings)

Unitary human beings as energy fields in continual interaction with the environment.

Sister Callista Roy (Adaptation Model)

Person as a biopsychosocial system adapting to changing environments.

Lydia Hall (CARE, CORE, CURE)

CARE is nursing-specific nurturance; CORE and CURE are complementary components.

Ida Jean Orlando (Dynamic Nurse-Patient Relationship)

Nurse helps patients meet perceived needs they cannot meet themselves.

Ernestine Wiedenbach (Clinical Nursing – A Helping Art)

Nursing as a guiding philosophy; central purpose lends credibility to care.

Jean Watson (Human Caring Model)

Nursing as caring through transpersonal relationships to promote mind-body-soul harmony.

Rosemarie Rizzo Parse (Human Becoming)

Free choice of meaning; co-creating rhythm with the environment; unfolding possibilities.

Joyce Travelbee (Interpersonal Aspects of Nursing)

Nursing aims to help individuals/families cope with illness and regain health.

Josephine Paterson & Zderad (Humanistic Nursing Practice)

Nursing as an existential lived dialogue between nurse and patient.

Modeling and Role-Modeling (Erickson, Tomlin & Swain)

Focus on the person; nurse models (assesses), role models (plans), intervenes.

Margaret Newman (Health as Expanding Consciousness)

Humans as unitary beings; disease reflects the health pattern.

Patricia Benner (Primacy of Caring)

Caring is central to the essence of nursing.

Anne Boykin & Savina Schoenhofer (Nursing as Caring)

Grand theory: all persons are caring; nursing responds to a social call.

Joyce Fitzpatrick (Rhythm Model)

Nursing's primary role is to promote and maintain an optimal level of wellness.

Nola Pender (Health Promotion Model)

Promoting optimum health, not merely disease prevention.

Ramona Mercer (Maternal Role Attainment)

Factors influencing the development of parenting and maternal role identity.