Renal System Anatomy, Physiology, and Assessment

Comprehensive fill-in-the-blank practice cards covering renal anatomy, physiological functions, hormonal regulation, and clinical assessment based on the lecture material.

The regulatory functions of the kidneys include maintaining __________ homeostasis and eliminating waste products from the body.

acid-base

The kidneys regulate blood pressure through the production of __________, which activates the renin-angiotensin system.

renin

According to the 'A WET BED' mnemonic, the 'E' in 'WET' stands for __________ balance.

Electrolyte

The kidneys receive $600$ to $1300\,mL$ of blood per minute, which accounts for $20\%$ to __________ of cardiac output.

$$25\%$$

In the nephron, the __________ arteriole further divides to form the glomerulus, a network of capillaries.

afferent

The normal Glomerular Filtration Rate ($GFR$) is approximately __________ $mL/min$.

$$125$$

Under normal conditions, glomerular filtrate does not contain blood cells, platelets, or large __________.

plasma proteins

The glucose threshold, or the point at which glucose can no longer be fully reabsorbed and appears in the urine, is __________ $mg/dL$.

$$180$$

While about $50\%$ of urea is reabsorbed in the renal tubules, __________ is not reabsorbed at all.

creatinine

Tubular secretion helps regulate acid-base balance by adjusting levels of hydrogen and __________ ions.

potassium

The hormone __________ is produced in the peritubular capillaries and stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow.

Erythropoietin

Antidiuretic Hormone ($ADH$) acts on the __________ ducts to increase water reabsorption.

collecting

Aldosterone is produced in the adrenal cortex and promotes sodium and water retention while promoting __________ excretion.

potassium

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide ($ANP$) is produced in the atria and acts on the kidneys to promote sodium and water __________.

excretion

The ureter joins the renal pelvis at the __________ junction ($UPJ$).

ureteropelvic

The __________ is a triangular area in the bladder formed by two ureteral openings and the bladder neck.

trigone

The bladder muscle is known as the __________, and its capacity is typically between $600$ and $1000\,mL$.

detrusor

A mild distention and urge to urinate typically occurs when the bladder contains $200$ to __________ $mL$ of urine.

$$250$$

The length of the male urethra is $6$ to $8$ inches, while the female urethra is __________ to $1.5$ inches.

$$1$$

Aging is associated with a decreased number of nephrons, which leads to a reduced ability to __________ urine.

concentrate

Auscultation of __________ over the renal arteries may suggest renal artery stenosis.

bruits

The normal laboratory range for serum creatinine is __________ to $1.2\,mg/dL$.

$$0.6$$

The normal range for Blood Urea Nitrogen ($BUN$) is __________ to $20\,mg/dL$.

$$7$$

When performing a bladder scan on a female patient who has had a hysterectomy, the scanner should be set to '__________'.

male

To reduce the risk of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy ($CIN$) during radiologic studies, clinicians may administer __________.

N-acetylcysteine