Biology 2

What is the basic unit of life?

Cell

Which organelle produces ATP?

Mitochondrion

What is the main function of the mitochondrion?

Produces ATP through cellular respiration

Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis?

Ribosome

Which organelle modifies and packages proteins?

Golgi apparatus

Which organelle stores DNA?

Nucleus

Which organelle contains digestive enzymes?

Lysosome

Which organelle performs photosynthesis?

Chloroplast

Which organelle synthesizes lipids and detoxifies harmful substances?

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Which endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes attached?

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

What is the function of the cell membrane?

Controls what enters and leaves the cell

What is selective permeability?

Allows some substances to pass while blocking others

What is cytoplasm?

Jelly-like fluid where organelles are suspended

Which cells have a nucleus?

Eukaryotic cells

Which cells lack a nucleus?

Prokaryotic cells

Which organisms are prokaryotes?

Bacteria and Archaea

Which organisms are eukaryotes?

Plants, animals, fungi, and protists

Which organelles are found in both plant and animal cells?

Nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, ER, cell membrane

Which structures are found only in plant cells?

Cell wall, chloroplasts, large central vacuole

What is diffusion?

Movement from high concentration to low concentration

What is osmosis?

Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Which transport requires ATP?

Active transport

Which transport does not require ATP?

Passive transport

Which transport moves substances against the concentration gradient?

Active transport

What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution?

It shrinks

What happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution?

It swells

What happens to a cell in an isotonic solution?

No net movement of water

What are enzymes?

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions

What do enzymes lower?

Activation energy

Are enzymes consumed during reactions?

No

What can denature an enzyme?

Extreme temperature or pH

What is the reactant an enzyme acts on?

Substrate

Where does the substrate bind?

Active site

What are the four major biological macromolecules?

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Which biomolecule provides immediate energy?

Carbohydrates

Which biomolecule stores long-term energy?

Lipids

Which biomolecule is made of amino acids?

Proteins

Which biomolecule stores genetic information?

Nucleic acids

What is ATP?

The cell's main energy molecule

Where does cellular respiration occur?

Mitochondria

Where does photosynthesis occur?

Chloroplasts

What are the reactants of photosynthesis?

Carbon dioxide, water, and light

What are the products of photosynthesis?

Glucose and oxygen

What are the reactants of cellular respiration?

Glucose and oxygen

What are the products of cellular respiration?

Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP

What does DNA stand for?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

What does RNA stand for?

Ribonucleic acid

Which sugar is found in DNA?

Deoxyribose

Which sugar is found in RNA?

Ribose

Which base is found only in DNA?

Thymine

Which base replaces thymine in RNA?

Uracil

Which bases pair in DNA?

A-T and C-G

What is transcription?

DNA is copied into mRNA

What is translation?

mRNA is used to build proteins

Which RNA carries genetic instructions?

mRNA

Which RNA carries amino acids?

tRNA

What is a gene?

A segment of DNA that codes for a protein

What is mitosis used for?

Growth and repair

How many daughter cells are produced by mitosis?

2

Are daughter cells from mitosis genetically identical?

Yes

What is meiosis used for?

Production of gametes

How many daughter cells are produced by meiosis?

4

Are daughter cells from meiosis genetically identical?

No

How many chromosomes do human body cells contain?

46

How many chromosomes do human gametes contain?

23

What does haploid mean?

One set of chromosomes

What does diploid mean?

Two sets of chromosomes

What is fertilization?

Fusion of sperm and egg

What is a dominant allele?

Expressed with one copy

What is a recessive allele?

Expressed only with two copies

What is genotype?

Genetic makeup

What is phenotype?

Observable trait

AA is what genotype?

Homozygous dominant

Aa is what genotype?

Heterozygous

aa is what genotype?

Homozygous recessive

What is the probability of aa from Aa × Aa?

25%

What is the phenotypic ratio of Aa × Aa?

3:1

Who proposed natural selection?

Charles Darwin

What is natural selection?

Individuals with favorable inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce

What is an adaptation?

A trait that improves survival or reproduction

What is evolution?

Change in populations over generations

What is a mutation?

A change in DNA sequence

What is biodiversity?

The variety of living organisms

What is ecology?

The study of interactions between organisms and their environment

What is a producer?

An organism that makes its own food

What is a primary consumer?

An herbivore

What is a secondary consumer?

An organism that eats herbivores

What do decomposers do?

Break down dead organisms and recycle nutrients

What is the primary source of energy for most ecosystems?

The Sun

Approximately how much energy passes to the next trophic level?

10%

What is the smallest level of ecological organization?

Organism

What comes after organism?

Population

What comes after population?

Community

What comes after community?

Ecosystem

What comes after ecosystem?

Biome

Which kingdom contains bacteria?

Bacteria (Eubacteria)

Which kingdom contains mushrooms?

Fungi

Which kingdom contains Amoeba and Paramecium?

Protista

Which kingdom contains multicellular photosynthetic organisms?

Plantae

Which kingdom contains multicellular animals?

Animalia