KingChiro - Part One Boards: Chemistry

What is the rate limiting enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway?

G6P dehydrogenase (requires NADP+)

What catalyzes the reaction of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA?

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase

What kind of bonds are found in lactose?

Beta 1,4

How many ATPs produced via anaerobic glycolysis?

2

What are the products of glycolysis through oxidative phosphorylation?

2 ATP, 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH

How many ATP does each glucose yield?

38

How many ATP produced from acetyl-CoA when used in TCA or citric acid cycle?

12

What are the pyrimidines?

Thymine, cytosine, uracil

What are the purines?

Adenine and guanine

What carries the most cholesterol, HDL or LDL?

LDL

What have around 90% of TAGs and are assembled in intestines and carry fat from intestines to peripheral tissues?

Chylomicrons

What is 60% TAGs and mobilizes LIPIDS from liver to tissues?

VLDL

What inhibits gluconeogenesis?

Insulin

What is the most common way to enter the Kreb's cycle for amino acids, fatty acids, and glucose?

Acetyl-CoA

Vegetarian diets are usually deficient in which vitamin?

Cyanocobalamin (B12)

What vitamin deficiency will cause a neurological reaction?

B1 (thiamin); Wernicke-Korsakoff

What is the final end product of the hexose monophosphate shunt aka pentose phosphate pathway?

Pentose sugars and NADPH

What moves CHOLESTEROL from liver to tissues?

LDL

Sucrose is made from combo of?

Glucose and fructose (alpha beta 1,2)

Which two sugars are bound by beta 1,4 bonds to create lactose?

Glucose and galactose (beta 1,4)

What amino acid comprises NADH and NADPH?

Tryptophan

What enzyme starts the process of glycogenolysis?

Glycogen phosphorylase

What catalyzes phosphorylation of glucose to G6P?

Hexokinase

What vitamin makes up CoA?

B5 (pantothenic acid)

Which FA has the lowest melting point?

Linoleic acid

What is the reaction that appears to be necessary for the absorption of glucose from the intestines?

Phosphorylation

Beri beri is deficiency of?

B1 (thiamin)

What CANNOT hydrolyze fats?

Acids

In liquid water, the strongest bonds between water molecules are?

Hydrogen bonds

What reaction is catalyzed by amylopsin amylase?

Starch to maltose

What enzymes do glycogen to glucose?

Alpha 1,4 glucosidase enzymes

What enzyme does lactose to glucose and galactose?

Lactase or beta-galactosidase enzymes

What type of anemia from B12 and cobalt deficiency?

Macrocytic anemia (pernicious)

What does starch to glucose?

Alpha amylases

What causes microcytic anemia and hypochromic anemia?

iron deficiency

What is NOT part of urea cycle?

Citrate

Fasting causes low serum __________ levels?

Adrenaline

What causes pernicious anemia?

B12 and cobalt deficiency (hyperchromatic anemia)

What element is found in every amino acid that is NOT found in FA?

Nitrogen

The aliphatic chain in FA synthesis is lengthened by condensation of malonyl-CoA with removal of?

CO2

A diet of polished rice is known to be associated with deficit of what vitamin, causing what?

B1; beri beri

What causes pellagra?

Vitamin B3 (niacin) deficiency (3Ds: diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia)

What causes cheilosis?

Riboflavin (B2) deficiency

One turn of TCA gives how many CO2?

2

What is the rate limiting enzyme of urea cycle?

Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I (CPS I)

Vitamins A, D, E, K are considered?

Sterols (Hydroxylated cholesterols); fat soluble

One turn of Kreb's cycle results in how many NADHs and FADH2s?

3:1

Where does the Kreb's cycle occur?

Mitochondria

Where does ETC occur?

inner mitochondrial membrane

What is part of electron transport chain?

Ubiquinone (CoQ) (ETC has 4 complexes (I-IV) and cytochrome C and CoQ)

What vitamin makes up CoA?

Pantothenic acid (B5)

What is the rate limiting step of cholesterol synthesis?

HMG-CoA reductase

What is the rate limiting enzyme of glycolysis?

Phosphofructokinase (PFK)

What is the rate limiting enzyme of ketone body synthesis?

HMG-CoA synthase

What is the rate limiting enzyme of FA synthesis?

Acetyl CoA carboxylase

What causes Kwashiorkor?

protein deficiency

What is an inhibitory NT?

GABA

If you're fasting for 24hrs what is increased?

Gluconeogenesis

Peptide bond formation is what type of reaction?

condensation

Glycogenolysis is stimulated by _________ blood sugar and ___________

Low; glucagon

Where does FA synthesis occur?

cytosol

Glucose is categorized as?

Aldohexose

Fructose is categorized as?

Ketohexose

What are 4 examples of ketone bodies?

acetoacetate, B-hydroxybutyrate, oxaloacetate, acetone

What is the raw material needed for ketone synthesis?

Acetyl-CoA

What describes the ability of the binding site and substrate?

Michaelis menten equation

What vitamins are necessary for formation of acetyl-CoA from pyruvate?

Thiamin (B1)

carbs and proteins give ____ kcal per gram; lipids give

4; 9

What combines to make maltose?

Glucose and glucose (alpha 1,4)

What is ribose categorized as?

Aldopentose

What type of bonds are not digestible?

Beta

What are the plant starches and what type of bonds do they have?

Amylose (15%) alpha 1,4; amylopectin (85%) alpha 1,4 with 1,6 branches every 24-30 glucoses

What is the animal starch and what type of bonds?

Glycogen, alpha 1,4 with 1,6 branches every 8-12 glucoses

What is the only noncarb type of dietary fiber?

Lignin

What are digested in the mouth?

Carbs and lipids

What a re digested in the stomach?

Lipids and proteins

What are digested in the SI?

Proteins and carbs

What is a bond between glycerol and FA?

Ester

What type of FA at solid at room temp and has no CC double bonds?

Saturated fats (lard, butter)

What type of FA is liquid at room temp and has one CC double bond?

Monounsaturated fats (olive oil, peanuts, avocados)

What type of FA is liquid at room temp and has more than one CC double bond?

Polyunsaturated fats (corn, linoleic and alpha linoleic acid)

Linoleic acid is what type?

Omega 6

Alpha linoleic acid is what type?

Omega 3

What FA becomes essential with linoleic acid is absent from diet?

Arachidonic acid

What are the precursors to cholesterol?

Mevalonate, Acetyl-CoA, squalene, and HMG CoA (MASH)

Where does beta oxidation occur?

Mitochondria

What is the goal of beta oxidation?

Make acetyl CoA for Kreb's

What is required for beta oxidation?

Carnitine

What are the ketogenic only AA?

Leucine and lysine

What is the most important intermediate for lipogenesis?

Malonyl CoA

What is required for lipogenesis?

Acetyl-CoA, CO2, NADPH

What are the essential AA?

Phenylalanine, valine, tryptophan, methionine, threonine, histadine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine (PVT MT HILL)

Which AA have aromatic rings?

Phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine

What are the basic AA?

Histidine, arginine, lysine (HAL is a basic kind of guy)

What are the branch chain AA?

Leucine, Isoleucine, valine (LIV)

What are the acidic AA?

Glutamate and aspartate

Precursor to serotonin?

Tryptophan

Precursor to GABA?

Glutamate

Precursor to creatine?

Glycine and arginine

Which three AA donate nitrogen for purines and pyrimidines?

Glutamine, aspartate, asparagine