Cold War in Asia

Nationalist leader of China

-Chiang-Kai Shek

Communist leader

-Mao Zedong

Shanghai Massacre

-violent suppression of communists to get rid of the threat they posed to nationalist government

How does communism spread?

-Mao Zedong gets the peasants on his side

Long March

-1934
-The communists marched from Jiangxi to Shaanxi over the course of a year. They were constantly chased by nationalists and many died on the journey.

Nationalists are chased to...

-Taiwan and are recognized are "true" chinese government until 1972

Great Leap Forward

-5 year plan
-increase industrial output to match West
-people's communes (huge farming communities)
-Failure: industrial output decreased and millions starved

Cultural Revolution

-violent attempt to get rid of old customs and adopt a new socialist culture
-got young students on his side and it led to the destruction of Chinese culture and mass purges/human rights violations

Red Guards

-Radical students who led cultural revolution

Deng Xioping

-Market economy/capitalism

Tiananmen Square

-pro democracy students gathered to protest but when they refused to leave, armed troops open fired on the crowd

Korea is divided at the...

-38th parallel

North Korea

-communist
-USSR

South Korea

-democratic
-US

North invasion of South

-NK takes Seoul
-US/UN forces step in and force the north to go back behind the border
-China feels threatened as the US invades North so China sends their troops to help NK
-US gets pushed back
-Ceasefire 1953

Commander of UN/US forces

-MacArthur

MacArthur got fired because he...

-wanted to nuke NK
-Truman fires him

Vietnam was occupied by...

-France and Japan
-Vietnam declares independence in 1945
-France stays because of the iron, coal, rubber, and rice
-they go to war but lose so France leaves
-US enters

North Vietnam

-communist
-Ho Chi Minh

South Vietname

-Democratic
-Diem

Domino Theory

-if one country falls to communism, the rest will follow (Johnson)

Vietnam is divided at the...

-17th parallel

Gulf of Tonkin Resolutions

-gave broad congressional approval for expansion of the Vietnam War
-mass bombings on Vietnam were unsuccessful

Paris Peace Accords of 1973

-ended american involvement in the war
-South Vietnam surrendered and they united as communists

Khmer Rouge

-Cambodian communists (Red Cambodians)

Leader of Cambodia

-Pol Pot

Cambodian Genocide

-Pol Pot takes over and makes Cambodia communist in 1975
-forced agriculture (killed 25% of population: 2 million)
-Vietnamese invasion pushed Pol Pot out

Killing fields

-mass graves for farmers who died

World War I's effects on India

-increased support and need for independence

Passive Resistance

-Protesting colonization through nonviolence (civil disobedience, boycotts)
-Salt March (Gandhi)
-Brits met actions with restrictions of civil liberties and violence-backfired

Quit India

-Gandhi
-GB should "quit" India and leave

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

-wanted separate Muslim state

Independence

-1947
-India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka

Creation of Bangladesh

-People of East Pakistan feel like they are doing a lot for Pakistan (paying taxes) but they aren't getting government perks. East rebels with help of India and win and then become Bangladesh
-1971

Jawaharlal Nehru

-India's first prime minister
-western style industrialization
-constitution forbid caste discrimination
-Ethnic and religious differences caused problems in development of India as democratic nation but is world's largest democratic nations and uses federal system (power to local states)

Federal system

-splits power between central government and local states

Indira Gandhi

-prime minister who strengthened ties with Soviet Union and created nuclear program

Iron Curtain

-division between communist and democratic states

Kashmir

-began with partition in 1947
-prince didn't want to join either Pakistan or India because he was hindu but the people were muslim
-India sends in troops to protect prince

Truman Doctrine

-U.S. must consider the continued spread of communism as a threat to democracy and "must support free peoples who are resisting armed subjugation"
-authorized 400 million dollars to aid Greece and Turkey

Containment

-policy of containing or restricting the spread of communism

Marshall Plan

-named after US secretary of state George Marshall (general during WW2)
-European Recovery Program
-removed trade barriers and provided aid to Europe
-1948-53 US provided over 13 billion in aid to Europe (not eastern Europe)

COMECON

-SU developed it to get economic cooperation among Eastern Europe nations

NATO

-North Atlantic Treaty Organization
-12 nation alliance
-if one is attacked the others will ally against aggressor

Warsaw Pact

-military alliance of communist nations in eastern Europe for 20 years
-outnumbered NATO

MAD

-mutually assured destruction
-prevents any type of war
-nuclear weapons were deterrents

East

-Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Poland, Czechoslovakia "Soviet Satellites"- policies were dictated heavily by Soviet Union

West

-US, Canada, GB, France, Netherlands, Italy

Standing alone

-Yugoslavia
-communists led by Tito

West Germany

-boosted by Marshall plan
-economy recovers

East Germany

-economic struggles

Berlin Walls

-well separating east and west berlin
-set up by East Germany to stop mass emigration to West Germany
-became the symbol of iron curtain
-symbol of cold war

Berlin Airlift

-military operation that brought food and other needed goods into West Berlin by air after the government of East Germany, which at that time surrounded West Berlin, had cut off its supply routes

Nikita Khrushchev

-"de-stalinization"
-Moves away from Stalin's extreme policies
-launched Sputnik (first satellite)
-supported developing world's independence goals

Cuban Missile Crisis

-Khrushchev
-near was over Soviet missiles in Cuba but SU removes them before war and in return US (JFK) agrees not to invade Cuba and secretly removes missiles from Turkey

Cuban dictator

-Fidel Castro

Leonid Brezhnev

-Brezhnev Doctrine: Soviet Union would intervene if any member of Warsaw Pact adopted capitalist ideas
-Put down revolts in Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Poland

Mikhail Gorbachev

-ruled during fall of Berlin Wall and fall of Soviet Union
-Perestroika: restructuring of economy
-Glasnost: openness (people can criticize government)

Boris Yeltsin

-first Russian president

Super power

-US (George H.W. Bush)

NATO expansion

-Free trade and travel
-free immigration
-common currency

China after Mao

-Deng Xiaoping (Long March Survivor)
-Second revolution: "It is glorious to get rich"
-Modernized China and led to strength of current economy
-Opened up country leading to Tiananmen Square
-Pro Democracy protests that are brutally put down by government
-Current Leader: Xi Jinping

African problems

-Lack of unity (random boundaries)
-Lack of economic development (much of resources foreign owned)
-Decline of traditional African ways
-Lack of education (1965-more than 80% of adults were illiterate)

Gulag system

-factory system

Rwanda

-Hutu (majority) massacred the Tutsi minority (favored by Belgiums) in the early 1990s
-It was partly a result of ethnic tensions that resulted from European imperialism
-The genocide was especially gruesome and was carried out in many cases with mobs of Hutu using machetes
-The UN, who was in Rwanda at the time, failed to stop the attacks

West Africa

-peaceful because of the few white settlers
Ex. Ghana (Kwame Nkhrumha-first president of Ghana)

Kenya

-Violent war against GB (Mau Mau uprising)
-later led by Jomo Kenyatta (first president of Kenya because he spent most of independence movement in jail)

Algeria

-Violent war of independence from France (even leads to new French constitution)

Middle East

-Backlash against mandate system
-France: Syria and Lebanon
-Great Britain: Transjordan and Palestine
-Gain independence but Palestine loses war with Israel and never really becomes an independent free country

Margaret Thatcher

-She was prime minister of England during the 1980s
-conservative leader who strengthened relations with the United States and asserted the UK as a military power in the face of the Soviet Union
-believed strongly in free trade and less government interference.

Golda Meir

-Prime Minister of Israel who led Israel to victory in Yom Kippur War (over Arab alliance). Also strengthened ties between U.S. and Israel.

Gamal Abdul Nasser

-President of Egypt who nationalized Suez Canal in 1950s. -He established a closer relationship with Soviet Union and used appeals of Arab nationalism to gain widespread support although was not successful in aggression toward Israel
-He also built the Aswan High Dam, which has helped the Egyptian economy by controlling the Nile river.

Ethnic and Religious conflict

-Middle East (Muslims vs. Jews)
-Northern Ireland (Protestants vs. Catholics)
-Balkans (former Yugoslavia ethnic groups)
-Horn of Africa (really anywhere in Africa in part due to nonsensical boundaries drawn by European imperialism) -Southeast Asia (Muslims vs. Hindus).

Impact of technology

-increase in gap between haves and have nots
-Problems with genetic engineering (is our food healthier?) and bioethics (cloning, stem cell research)

Developed vs. developing nations

-Developed nations tend to be Europe and North America as well as parts of Asia (Japan, South Korea, etc)
-They have stronger economic conditions than parts of South America, southeast Asia, and sub-saharan Africa
-Also better social conditions: access to health care, higher literacy rates, etc. Developing areas tend to have much higher growth rates.

Environmental changes

-Pollution, continued destructions of certain habitats, global climate change

Relationships between economic and political freedom

-Free market economies (such as United States, Western Europe and Japan/South Korea/Taiwan) produce rising standards of living, large middle class, and educated population.
-This leads to increased citizen participation in government and more political rights
-Government controlled economies tend to be totalitarian states.

NAFTA

-North America Free Trade Agreement
-US, Canada, Mexico
-encouraged economic cooperation

WTO

-World Trade Organization
-negotiates tariffs among nations

IMF

-International Monetary Fund
-helps with currency exchange

Globalization

-interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology.

Terrorism

-Munich Olympics (Arab terrorists kidnapped and murdered Israeli athletes competing in the 1972 Olympic Games)
-attacks on the United States (such as 9/11 led by bin Laden), and rise of car bombings, suicide bombers, and airline hijackings.
-Governments have responded by increased surveillance, reviews of privacy rights, and higher transportation security.

how did the cold war end

-The U.S. system of free enterprise and democracy created a higher standard of living and happier people. Eventually revolutions started in Eastern Europe from the Warsaw Pact countries that were tired of being Soviet Satellite states and from within the Soviet Union itself from people who wanted more freedom.
The Soviet leader was Mikhail Gorbachev. He refused to hold everything together through violence and instituted two policies, perestroika (restricted the Soviet economy adding capitalist elements) and glasnost (allowing more openness and political freedoms). This accelerated the end of the Cold War