Learning, Teaching, and Educational Psychology Review

Comprehensive flashcards covering educational psychology modules on teaching contexts, cognitive and social development theories, and inclusive education practices.

How should diversity be viewed in the socio-cultural context of teaching and learning?

Diversity should be viewed as a strength to be built upon, not as a barrier to learning.

What is the goal of Social Emotional Learning (SEL) in the teacher's role?

To help students develop healthy identities, manage emotions, show empathy, build supportive relationships, and make responsible decisions.

In the 'Art of Teaching,' what does differentiated instruction involve?

Going beyond accommodating learner differences to see diversity as a strength to be built on while adapting lesson plans.

What is the difference between an Ethnography and a Case Study in descriptive research?

Ethnography describes naturally occurring events in a culture, while a Case Study focuses on studying the actions and intentions of one specific individual.

What characterizes a Quasi-Experimental study?

Comparison groups are not randomly assigned; instead, they consist of naturally existing groups.

What does the 'A' and 'B' represent in an ABAB experimental design?

'A' represents the Baseline (no intervention) and 'B' represents the Intervention.

Name the three agreed-upon principles of development.

1. People develop at different rates. 2. Development is relatively orderly. 3. Development takes place gradually.

Distinguish between Nature and Nurture in developmental debates.

Nature refers to influences from genetics and biology (heredity, genes, maturation), while Nurture refers to environment-based influences (parenting, education, culture).

What is a 'Sensitive Period' in development?

A time when a person is especially ready to learn a skill; learning is easier then but still possible later.

How does the brain size change at birth compared to age $0-2$?

At birth, the brain weighs about $1\,lb$. By age $0-2$, it triples in size.

Why are early adolescents more likely to take risks according to neuroscience?

The limbic region (emotional/novelty seeking) matures ahead of the prefrontal cortex (self-regulation and control).

What is the function of the Myelin Sheath in a neuron?

It covers axons and speeds the transmission of neural impulses.

What is the difference between Experience-Expectant and Experience-Dependent pruning?

Experience-Expectant primes the brain for stimulation by overproducing neurons in anticipation, while Experience-Dependent involves additional learning and skills developed over a lifespan based on environmental info.

Which lobe of the brain is responsible for visual processing?

The Occipital lobe.

In Piaget's theory, what is 'Equilibration'?

The natural tendency to seek mental balance; when new information causes disequilibrium, it motivates learning until equilibrium is reached.

What occurs during Piaget’s 'Sensorimotor' stage ($0-2$ years)?

Learning occurs through the senses, involving the development of object permanence and goal-directed actions.

According to Vygotsky, what is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?

The learning space where tasks are slightly beyond what students can do independently but can be completed with guidance.

In Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Model, what is the 'Mesosystem'?

The interactions between different microsystems (e.g., the relationship between a child's parents and their teacher).

How does the 'Authoritative' parenting style differ from the 'Authoritarian' style?

Authoritative parents are warm and set clear, reasonable limits, whereas Authoritarian parents are cold, prone to punishment, and demand submission to rules.

Name the five identity statuses identified by James Marcia.

1. Identity Achievement, 2. Moratorium, 3. Identity Foreclosure, and 4. Identity Diffusion.

In Kohlberg’s theory, what defines the 'Pre-conventional' level of moral development?

Moral thinking is driven by self-interest, focusing on avoiding punishment (Stage $1$) or gaining rewards/exchange (Stage $2$).

What are the three principles of Haidt’s Model of Moral Psychology?

1. Dual-Processing Theory (intuition before reasoning). 2. WEIRD values (white, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic). 3. Group Think (morality binds and blinds).

How many intelligences did Gardner identify in his Theory of Multiple Intelligences?

$10$ intelligences (Logical-mathematical, Linguistic, Musical, Spatial, Bodily-kinesthetic, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, Naturalist, Spiritual, and Existential).

What is the difference between Fluid and Crystallized intelligence?

Fluid intelligence is the ability to reason and solve unfamiliar problems independent of prior learning, while Crystallized intelligence is based on prior learning, education, and culture.

What IQ score is generally used to identify students as extremely advanced/gifted?

A score of $130+$.

What are the three core deficit areas in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?

1. Language, 2. Social (impaired theory of mind), and 3. Behavioural (ritualistic routines/stereotypes).

What are the three levels of the Response-to-Intervention (RTI) framework?

1. Research-based instruction for all. 2. Early identification and small group support. 3. Intensive, one-on-one specialized intervention.

What is the primary goal of Universal Design for Learning (UDL)?

To ensure all students can access instructional content in multiple ways through a flexible, customizable learning environment.