Unit 2 AP Human geography

Malthusian theory

Population grows exponentially while food output only grow arithmetically. This would result in a food shortage and famine due to overpopulation.

Carrying capacity

The amount of population that a location can support WITHOUT harming the enviorment

Were did Thomas Malthus live ?

England 1700’s

What did Thomas Malthus experience ?

Industrial Revolution

name of essay from Malthusian theory

1798 An essay on the principles of population growth

Exponentially example

2,4,8,16

Arithemtically

1,2,3,4

Criticisms of Malthusian Theory 1

Factors slowing population growth

- contraceptives  -Education and advancement of woman 

Criticisms of Malthusian theory 3 

New technologies and inventions 

More efficient travel to deliver food

refrigeration in trucks and rail cars

tin cans to preserve food for longer 

Criticisms 2 Malthusian Theory

Factors that have increased efficiency of farming 

Mechanized farming 

hybrid seeds 

chemical fertilizers 

Boserup’s theory / claim

Food supply is impacted directly by population growth

As population increase = human innovation creates more food

what does neo mean

neo means new

Neo Malthus theory 

Earth can only sustain a limited finite amount of people

global overpopulation , Strain on natrual resources, Overconsumption , famine , starvation , water insecurity , desertification , pollution 

Pro-natalist Policies Causes/Concerns

Aging population declining workforce declining population

Were do Pro-natalist policies Causes/concerns take place ?

Stage 4 & 5 Countries 

EXAMPLES of pro-natalist policies

Propaganda, financial support,

Financial support examples

free os sub sized child care, free education opportunities, lengthy & paid maternity leave

Immigration policies to promote population growth 

encourage skilled workers, youth immigration programs , family immigration programs 

ANTI- natalist policies

Government programs designed to decrease the fertility rate and slow down population growth

Anti-natalist policies Causes/concerns

overpopulation & rapid growth , limited resources & infastructure, risk of famine

Were are anti-natalist policies Causes/concerns taking place ?

stage 2 countries

examples of anti natalist policies

propoganda , ecenomic fear,smaller families,wait for marriage and kids , encourage having girls

examples of anti-natalist policies 2

financial disincentives &incentives (fines & taxes per child) , Prizes and rewards (discounts of child care for having limited number , cash bonuses preferential housing , loans , cars

unintended consequences of anti-natalist policies 

abortions , abandonment of babies , sex selective abortions favoring boys over girls,skewed sex ratios impacting future marriage and reproduction 

Were do people not settle ?

Too hot

Too cold

Too wet

Too chilly

Too dry

Ecumene

Habitable Areas of the world

Were are people likely to settle in ?

Low elevation

Fertile soil 

Temperate Climates 

Near a body of water 

Mid-Latitudes

What economic influences were people distribute /live ?

Job opportunities Access to Natural Resources

Social Influences on distribution

Housing availability

Safety

Access to transportation

A feeling of belonging

Community

How do geographers calculate Arithemtic population density

Total population divided by land area

What are Limitations of Arithmetic Density 

Does not tell us : Where people are located within the country 

Clusterd ? Dispersed ? Pattern?

How too calculate Physiological Population density ?

Total population divided by arable Land

Carrying Capacity Definition

The amount of people a country’s land can support by available resources without damaging environment.

How to calculate Agricultural population density 

Farmers divided by arable Land 

What does high population density impact ?

Access to housing , jobs , water , services medical, fire, police (more expensive in higher density areas)

What is Redistricting ?

process of redrawing electoral district boundaries after the census every 10 years

why are population pyramids Important ?

• shows composition of country 

• Shows is their is growth 

• Can be used at various scales 

• Gives insight into what country might need

Dependency ratio

The number of people in a dependent age group is divided by the number of people in the working age group multiplied by 100

What does wider base in a population pyramid signify ?

More babies are being born 

What does a larger top in population pyramid signify ?

More people are getting old

Impacts of high dependency ratio

Not earning an income

Not paying taxes

working population face -higher taxes

Sex ratio Definition 

The proportion of males to females in a population 

what could cause fewer women or fewer men in a society 

war , insufficient healthcare for women , migration , gendercide/ sex selective abortions 

What is this picture ?

Dependency Ratio example

Which side are males and females on a population pyramid ?

males to left : females to right

Identify the trend in this picture 

Triangle 

Wide base = growth 

Fast population growth 

Younger population 

Identify the trend in this picture

Bishop hat

Slower population growth

Population starting to age

Identify the trend in the picture

Inverted triangle

Base smaller than top

Population decline - negative population growth

Graying population/Older populations

identify the trend 

Rectangle shape 

Cohorts look the same 

Zero population Growth 

Stable population 

CBR

Crude Birth Rate

CBR-defintion

the number of live births occurring in one year per 1,000 people

TFR 

Total Fertility Rate 

TFR- Defintion

Avearge number of children who would be born per women during her child bearing years

CDR

Crude Death Rate

CDR- Defintion 

the number of deaths occurring in one year per 1,000 people 

Life expectancy- Defintion

The number of years the avearge person will live

IMR

Infant Mortality Rate

IMR- Defintion 

The number of children who die before one year of age 

How Do Geographers calculate NIR

Subtract the CDR from CBR

NIR or RNI

Natrual Increase Rate or Rate of Natrual Increase

How do geographers calculate population growth rate ?

Births - Deaths + Immigrants - Emigrants 

How to calculate doubling time

Divide 70 by Annual Growth rate

Characteristics of stage 1 DTM Model

High TFR- children not likely to survive

Need for child labor

CDR - low life expectancy - famine poor diet , diseases , warfare , inadequate housing

NIR - low growth

Population Composition - youth Dependancy

Characteristics of Stage 2 DTM Model 

CBR- same as stage 1 

CDR -still low life expectancy but, improved nutrition sanitation and medicines 

NIR- Rapid growth 

Population composition - Youth Dependancy 

What countries are in stage 2 of DTM

LDC’s , Niger , Mali, south Sudan

Characteristics of stage 3 DTM Model

CBR- urbanization reduces child labor

Increase in healthcare , female employment and education

CDR- Life expectancy increases due to advancements

NIR- Growth slows

What countries are in stage 3 of DTM

Turkey, Mexico, Indonesia, India

Characteristics of stage 4 DTM

CBR- same as stage 3

CDR- Life expectancy continues to increase 

NIR- Falls & then stabilizes at low growth 

Population composition - Beginning to shift to elderly dependency 

What countries are in stage 4 of DTM

China, Australia, Canada, South Korea , US

Characteristics of stage 5 DTM

CBR- Replacment level or Zero population growth

CDR- Most medically advanced

nIR - Negative or very low

population composition: Most likely to have high elderly Dependency

what countries are in stage 5 of DTM Model  

Japan , Germany 

Characteristic of stage 1 ETM Model

Pestilence & Famine

Infectious diseases

-Cholera

-Tuberculosis

Pandemics & Epidemics

Animal attacks & Accidents

Malnutrition

Stage 2 of ETM Model

Receding Pandemics

Pandemics and infectious disease - decline due to medical advances and sanitation and improved nutrition

Stage 3 of ETM

Degenerative & Human Made Diseases 

Diseas associated with aging and life style choices 

• Heart diseas 

• Cancer 

Stage 4 of ETM Model

Delayed Degenerative Diseas

Diseas associated with aging and life style choices can be delayed with medical advancements

Alzeihmer’s , Dementia

Stage 5 of ETM 

Reemergence of infectious diseases 

Bacteria and parasites become resistant to antibiotics & vaccines 

Ebola , COVID-19