Studied by 13 people
tonework
references the labor of the speaker to craft, control, or change the expression of feeling in public speaking
vocalics
the study of the nonverbal character and expressiveness of the human voice
rate, articulation, pronunciation, pitch, modulation, volume
what are the 5 vocalic elements?
rate
how fast you're speaking
articulation
speaking in a clear manner (vocalic element)
pronunciation
pronouncing your words correctly (vocalic element)
pitch
how high or low your voice is (vocalic element)
modulation
volume, pitch, and rate of your voice (vocalic element)
volume
how loud you're speaking (vocalic element)
how you dress yourself, eye contact, and body movement
Besides voice, what else does tone consist of?
assist with thinking, encourage memorization, excite multiple senses, create interest, simplify complex ideas
what are five functions of presentation aids for the audience?
all moods
what moods do celebratory speeches consist of?
recognition, praise or blame, inspiration or encouragement, mourning loss
what are the 4 categories for a celebratory speech?
Weddings, toast, roasts
In celebratory speaking, what are the type of speeches for praise or blame?
sermons, after-dinner speeches, and commemorations
In celebratory speaking, what are the type of speeches for encouragement or inspiration?
keynote address
is a featured speech at a convention, meeting, or political gathering that is designed to highlight the tone and purpose of the gathering
commemorative speech
In celebratory speaking, a speech that honors a person, place, or an idea that not only relates information but also inspires deep feelings
to provide a new point of view or new information to an audience
what is the primary goal of speaking to inform?
objects, people, events, processes, concepts, issues
what are the 6 subject types of informative speeches?
description, demonstration, definition, narration, explanation
what are the 5 types of informative strategies?
keep it simple, students
What is the K.I.S.S acronym for a speech?
appeal
is a request made to another person with the intent of influencing him or her
argument
is a reasoned claim, or a series of claims, supported by evidence
explicit reasoning and evidence
what is the difference between an appeal and an argument?
coercion
involves influencing someone to do or think something by using threats, unwarranted emotion, or force, which includes distorting, hiding, or preventing conscious choices.
logos
appeal to logic or reasoning (Aristotle's rhetorical triangle)
ethos
(Aristotle's rhetorical triangle) appeal to credibility (must have), ethics (must have) , and charisma (goal)
pathos
(Aristotle's rhetorical triangle) appeal to emotions or feelings (optional)
fear appeals or scare tactics, propaganda, and false advertising.
what are the three appeals to emotions that people distrust?
the claim, evidence, and warrant
what are the three parts to a basic argument structure?
syllogism
a type of argument that consists of three parts: a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion drawn from those premises.
enthymeme
a type of argument that leaves a part unsaid or unstated
claim of fact, value, and policy
what are the three types of claims?
claim of fact
a type of claim that asserts that something has happened, is happening, or will happen, or a statement that asserts that something is true
claim of value
a type of claim that asserts that something is good or bad
claim of policy
a type of claim that asserts that something should or should not change.
deductive and inductive reasoning
what is the two types of reasonings in making arguments?
deductive reasoning
type of reasoning from general to specific
inductive reasoning
type of reasoning from specific to general
yes
is reasoning contextually bound?
fallacy
an error in reasoning. this can make an argument invalid
ad hominem fallacy
this fallacy reduces an issue to a person's character unfairly
ad baculum fallacy
this fallacy is a fear appeal that threatens force or violence if the audience doesn't accept the will of the speaker. ex: clean this or you're fired!
ad populum fallacy
this fallacy appeals to popular feeling or commonly held emotions that is not supported by good evidence. ex: 4/5 dentists recommend chewing Trident gum
non sequitur fallacy
this fallacy concerns a conclusion that does not logically follow from one or more premises. ex: Global warming includes gas passed by livestock, therefore, we should all be vegetarians
slippery slope fallacy
this fallacy argues that something bad or undesirable will inevitably happen. ex: if you eat a burger, you'll get addicted and only eat hamburgers
red herring fallacy
this fallacy is a statement that is distracting and has no relevance to the issue under discussion. ex: I don't want to study because I don't want to be a doctor
straw person fallacy
this fallacy oversimplifies an opponent's argument, or claims that an opponent argued something they didn't
ad hominem, ad baculum, ad misericordiam, ad populum, bandwagon, either-or, non sequitur, red-herring, slippery slope, straw person
what are the 10 fallacys?
Monroe's motivated sequence, problem-solution, refutation, comparative advantage
When organizing a persuasive speech, what are the 4 main types of organizational patterns?
attention 2. need or problem 3. satisfaction 4. visualization 5. action
what are the five steps to monroe's motivated sequence?
refutation
this type of persuasive organizational pattern tries to move an audience to accept their position by responding the opposing claims
statement of the problem or need for change 2. description of your policy or solution 3. description of how your policy or solution is better than others
what are the steps of persuading with the comparative advantage organizational pattern?
description of the opposing position 2. description of consequences or effects of the opposing position 3. claims of your position 4. contrast of consequences or effects of your position
what are the steps of persuading with the refutation organizational pattern?
vocation
refers to a feeling of dedication towards one's occupation
social oriented role
in a group, a role that helps moderate the mood
task oriented roles
in a group, this role helps meet the goals of a group
groupthink
a common, unconscious tendency to avoid conflict in a group, usually by failing to challenge ideas or decisions
when there's a desire for group harmony, unreflective loyalty, and stiling of critical thinking and reflection
how can groupthink happen?
establish the fact that conflict is normal, oppose ideas and not people, contribute ideas, add counterpositions to suggestions
what are 4 tips to avoiding groupthink?
keynote speeches, training sessions, sales pitches, reports, proposals
what are the five types of workplace and/or professional presentations?
to create, reinforce, or change
my audience's beliefs, values, attitudes, or behavior.
what are the two parts of a persuasive speech goal?
to provide new information to an audience or to provide a new POV
what is the primary goal of speaking to inform?
race
indicated a group of people identified as having the same or similar physical characteristics based on genetic heritage, visible traits, or social relations
ethnic identification
understanding oneself to share or participate in the language, culture, style, and history of a given group of people
rhetoric
the study of ways in which speaking and writing influence people to do or think
civility
speech or behavior that is seen as polite to a given social or political advocacy
coalition
a temporary grouping of people for the purpose of collective social or political advocacy
solidarity
a feeling of agreement in a community about a belief
small group communication
concerns the interaction among 3 or more people who self identify as a group
paradigm
refers to the standards of judgment you provide to an audience to evaluate something
consist of like minded individuals
promote a non mainstream cause
not institutionalized
includes many activities, speakers, and leaders
push for social or political change
what are the five social movement characteristics?
Note 
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