Speech Final

tonework

references the labor of the speaker to craft, control, or change the expression of feeling in public speaking

vocalics

the study of the nonverbal character and expressiveness of the human voice

rate, articulation, pronunciation, pitch, modulation, volume

what are the 5 vocalic elements?

rate

how fast you're speaking

articulation

speaking in a clear manner (vocalic element)

pronunciation

pronouncing your words correctly (vocalic element)

pitch

how high or low your voice is (vocalic element)

modulation

volume, pitch, and rate of your voice (vocalic element)

volume

how loud you're speaking (vocalic element)

how you dress yourself, eye contact, and body movement

Besides voice, what else does tone consist of?

assist with thinking, encourage memorization, excite multiple senses, create interest, simplify complex ideas

what are five functions of presentation aids for the audience?

all moods

what moods do celebratory speeches consist of?

recognition, praise or blame, inspiration or encouragement, mourning loss

what are the 4 categories for a celebratory speech?

Weddings, toast, roasts

In celebratory speaking, what are the type of speeches for praise or blame?

sermons, after-dinner speeches, and commemorations

In celebratory speaking, what are the type of speeches for encouragement or inspiration?

keynote address

is a featured speech at a convention, meeting, or political gathering that is designed to highlight the tone and purpose of the gathering

commemorative speech

In celebratory speaking, a speech that honors a person, place, or an idea that not only relates information but also inspires deep feelings

to provide a new point of view or new information to an audience

what is the primary goal of speaking to inform?

objects, people, events, processes, concepts, issues

what are the 6 subject types of informative speeches?

description, demonstration, definition, narration, explanation

what are the 5 types of informative strategies?

keep it simple, students

What is the K.I.S.S acronym for a speech?

appeal

is a request made to another person with the intent of influencing him or her

argument

is a reasoned claim, or a series of claims, supported by evidence

explicit reasoning and
evidence

what is the difference between an appeal and an argument?

coercion

involves influencing someone to do or think something by using threats, unwarranted emotion, or force, which includes distorting, hiding, or preventing conscious choices.

logos

appeal to logic or reasoning (Aristotle's rhetorical triangle)

ethos

(Aristotle's rhetorical triangle) appeal to credibility (must have), ethics (must have) , and charisma (goal)

pathos

(Aristotle's rhetorical triangle) appeal to emotions or feelings (optional)

fear appeals or scare tactics, propaganda, and false advertising.

what are the three appeals to emotions that people distrust?

the claim, evidence, and warrant

what are the three parts to a basic argument structure?

syllogism

a type of argument that consists of three parts: a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion drawn from those premises.

enthymeme

a type of argument that leaves a part unsaid or unstated

claim of fact, value, and policy

what are the three types of claims?

claim of fact

a type of claim that asserts that something has happened, is happening, or will happen, or a statement that asserts that something is true

claim of value

a type of claim that asserts that something is good or bad

claim of policy

a type of claim that asserts that something should or should not change.

deductive and inductive reasoning

what is the two types of reasonings in making arguments?

deductive reasoning

type of reasoning from general to specific

inductive reasoning

type of reasoning from specific to general

yes

is reasoning contextually bound?

fallacy

an error in reasoning. this can make an argument invalid

ad hominem fallacy

this fallacy reduces an issue to a person's character unfairly

ad baculum fallacy

this fallacy is a fear appeal that threatens force or violence if the audience doesn't accept the will of the speaker. ex: clean this or you're fired!

ad populum fallacy

this fallacy appeals to popular feeling or commonly held emotions that is not supported by good evidence. ex: 4/5 dentists recommend chewing Trident gum

non sequitur fallacy

this fallacy concerns a conclusion that does not logically follow from one or more premises. ex: Global warming includes gas passed by livestock, therefore, we should all be vegetarians

slippery slope fallacy

this fallacy argues that something bad or undesirable will inevitably happen. ex: if you eat a burger, you'll get addicted and only eat hamburgers

red herring fallacy

this fallacy is a statement that is distracting and has no relevance to the issue under discussion. ex: I don't want to study because I don't want to be a doctor

straw person fallacy

this fallacy oversimplifies an opponent's argument, or claims that an opponent argued something they didn't

ad hominem, ad baculum, ad misericordiam, ad populum, bandwagon, either-or, non sequitur, red-herring, slippery slope, straw person

what are the 10 fallacys?

Monroe's motivated sequence, problem-solution, refutation, comparative advantage

When organizing a persuasive speech, what are the 4 main types of organizational patterns?

1. attention 2. need or problem 3. satisfaction 4. visualization 5. action

what are the five steps to monroe's motivated sequence?

refutation

this type of persuasive organizational pattern tries to move an audience to accept their position by responding the opposing claims

1. statement of the problem or need for change 2. description of your policy or solution 3. description of how your policy or solution is better than others

what are the steps of persuading with the comparative advantage organizational pattern?

1. description of the opposing position 2. description of consequences or effects of the opposing position 3. claims of your position 4. contrast of consequences or effects of your position

what are the steps of persuading with the refutation organizational pattern?

vocation

refers to a feeling of dedication towards one's occupation

social oriented role

in a group, a role that helps moderate the mood

task oriented roles

in a group, this role helps meet the goals of a group

groupthink

a common, unconscious tendency to avoid conflict in a group, usually by failing to challenge ideas or decisions

when there's a desire for group harmony, unreflective loyalty, and stiling of critical thinking and reflection

how can groupthink happen?

establish the fact that conflict is normal, oppose ideas and not people, contribute ideas, add counterpositions to suggestions

what are 4 tips to avoiding groupthink?

keynote speeches, training sessions, sales pitches, reports, proposals

what are the five types of workplace and/or professional presentations?

1. to create, reinforce, or change
2. my audience's beliefs, values, attitudes, or behavior.

what are the two parts of a persuasive speech goal?

to provide new information to an audience or to provide a new POV

what is the primary goal of speaking to inform?

race

indicated a group of people identified as having the same or similar physical characteristics based on genetic heritage, visible traits, or social relations

ethnic identification

understanding oneself to share or participate in the language, culture, style, and history of a given group of people

rhetoric

the study of ways in which speaking and writing influence people to do or think

civility

speech or behavior that is seen as polite to a given social or political advocacy

coalition

a temporary grouping of people for the purpose of collective social or political advocacy

solidarity

a feeling of agreement in a community about a belief

small group communication

concerns the interaction among 3 or more people who self identify as a group

paradigm

refers to the standards of judgment you provide to an audience to evaluate something

1. consist of like minded individuals
2. promote a non mainstream cause
3. not institutionalized
4. includes many activities, speakers, and leaders
5. push for social or political change

what are the five social movement characteristics?