AP HuG U5 Agricultural & Rural Land-Use Patterns and Processes

A comprehensive set of vocabulary flashcards covering essential terms and concepts related to agricultural and rural land-use patterns, capturing the key themes discussed in the lecture.

Agriculture

Purposeful cultivation of food, fiber, and/or oil crops and/or raising animals to produce goods.

Climate

Broad patterns of weather over time, including temperature and precipitation, affecting plant growth.

Climate Types

Five broad climate types identified by Vladimir Koppen: Tropical, Dry, Temperate, Continental, and Polar.

Elevation

The height of a location above or below sea level affecting plant growth.

Soil

Depth, fertility, texture, and structure that determine plant growth.

Topography

The forms and features of land influencing agricultural success.

Inputs

Labor and resources contributing to agricultural success.

Subsistence Agriculture

Agriculture focused on raising food for one's family to survive, not for profit.

Commercial Agriculture

Raising food and livestock primarily for profit.

Intensive Farming

Maximizing crop yields from a land area using significant labor and inputs.

Extensive Farming

Farming utilizing smaller amounts of labor and energy; fewer resources involved.

Intensive Subsistence Farming

Farming requiring heavy labor and animal fertilizer with careful land management.

Extensive Subsistence Farming

Farming practiced where intensive agriculture is not feasible, such as shifting cultivation.

Monocropping

Commercial agriculture designed to maximize profit with one or few crops.

Mixed Crop-and-Livestock System

Farming involving both plant cultivation and animal husbandry.

Plantation Agriculture

Intensive commercial agriculture in periphery areas, often requiring heavy labor.

Farm-to-Table Movement

Efforts to shorten the food chain by emphasizing sustainable and local agricultural products.

Market Gardening

Fresh agriculture cultivated close to the marketplace, often prone to spoilage.

Organic Agriculture

Farming that avoids artificial chemicals, promoting natural growing practices.

Shifting Cultivation

Farming technique that moves to more fertile land after a few seasons.

Slash and Burn Cultivation

Shifting cultivation combining clearing, burning, and farming, often leading to soil depletion.

Nomadic Herding

Seasonal movement of livestock, often in search of pasture.

Ranching

Raising livestock primarily for meat production, typically less labor-intensive.

Terrace Farming

Leveling hills into flat areas for crop growth, commonly in Asia.

Husbandry

Raising domesticated animals for agricultural purposes.

Agribusiness

Economic relationships organizing food production globally for commercial purposes.

Aquaculture

Cultivation of aquatic species under controlled conditions.

Fishing

Capturing wild fish from oceans or inland waterways.

Capital-Intensive Agriculture

Agriculture relying heavily on machinery and technology for production.

Commodity Chain

A linked system of processes from seed to sale.

Global Supply Chain

Networks that provide agricultural products efficiently on a global scale.

Dairying

Agriculture focused on raising livestock for dairy production.

Milkshed

Area around a town supplying milk without spoilage.

Agricultural Hearths

Regions where agricultural practices first emerged.

Hunting and Gathering

Survival method before organized agriculture, involving foraging and hunting.

Domestication

Purposeful cultivation of plants/animals for sustenance.

First Agricultural Revolution

The beginning of organized agriculture, occurring 11K-14K years ago.

Columbian Exchange

Massive changes in agriculture, health, and lifestyles due to transatlantic trade.

Second Agricultural Revolution

Period of mechanization and innovation in agriculture about 250 years ago.

Industrial Revolution

Rapid changes in manufacturing and agriculture starting in England.

Mechanization

Use of machines to replace human labor in agriculture.

Third Agricultural Revolution

Advancements in agriculture characterized by scientific methods.

Green Revolution

Development of high-yield crops to address hunger problems, with some negative effects.

Fourth Agricultural Revolution

Current advancements in agriculture focusing on efficiency and innovation.

Horizontal Integration

Corporate model where companies collaborate to sell products in different markets.

Vertical Integration

Corporate model controlling a product's commodity chain from start to finish.

Food Security/Insecurity

Measuring access to sufficient nutritious food for healthy living.

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)

Organisms with altered genes for improved agricultural efficiency.

Mediterranean Agriculture

High-profit crop cultivation in Mediterranean climates.

CAFO

Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation focused on maximizing animal production.

Pesticides and Fungicides

Chemicals used on crops to eliminate pests and fungi, potentially harmful to wildlife.

Sustainability

Practices ensuring future resource availability and opportunities.

Infrastructure

Systems supporting modern commercial agriculture, typically less in subsistence economies.

Von Thunen Model

Model explaining agricultural location based on market proximity and land use.

Dual Agriculture Economy

Agricultural unevenness with core advantages in certain countries.

Irrigation

The application of water to crops for growth, using modern efficient methods.

Selective Breeding and Hybridization

Choosing plants/crops to increase yield and improve quality through cross-breeding.

Policies and Preferences

Government actions affecting agricultural practices and production types.

Consumer Preferences

Public demand influencing agricultural product types and quantities.

Ugly Food

Edible food deemed unattractive, promoted to reduce waste.

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

Regulatory body overseeing food security and safety standards.

Desertification

Degradation of dry land leading to habitat loss and farming failure.

Urbanization / Urban Sprawl

Expansion of cities into agricultural lands, reducing farmland availability.