OTD 341 Exam 1 - Neuroplasticity

nurture

When considering nature (genetics) vs. nurture (environment and experiences), which is associated with neuroplasticity?

critical, reduced

Neuroplasticity is most prominent during ____ periods of development, and then is _____.

neuroplasticity

ability of brain to change its own structure and function through activity and thought

body, environment

Neurons and their connections adjust to match the nervous system to the ____ and _____.

neurogenesis, re-wiring, unmasking, cortical re-organization, changes in synaptic efficiency

Name 5 examples of neuroplasticity described in lecture.

neurogenesis

formation of new neurons (example of neuroplasticity)

re-wiring

creating of new neuronal pathways (example of neuroplasticity)

unmasking

uncovering existing, but rarely used neuronal pathways (example of neuroplasticity)

cortical re-organization

reassigning cortical surface area to new functions (example of neuroplasticity)

changes in synaptic efficiency

strengthening or weakening the connections between neurons (example of neuroplasticity)

neural stem cells

• cells that can produce new CNS neurons or glial cells

• located:

  • ventricle walls (remain latent)

  • hippocampus (produce new neurons)

  • subventricular zone of lateral ventricles with migration to olfactory bulb (produce new neurons)

potentiation

increase in synaptic efficiency

depression

decrease in synaptic efficiency

potentiation, depression

Strengthening of synapses is referred to as ______, while weakening synapses is referred to as _______.

Hebb’s principle

“Neuron’s that fire together wire together; neurons that fire apart, wire apart” (principle that describes processes of potentiation and depression)

short-term potentiation (STP), short-term depression (STD)

change in synaptic efficiency that lasts a few minutes and is a general consequence of activity

long-term potentiation (LTP), long-term depression (LTD)

change in synaptic efficiency that lasts hours to years and is the basis of learning and memory

long-term potentiation (LTP), long-term depression (LTD)

What type of change in synaptic efficient to OTs hope to achieve?

use-dependent neuroplasticity

describes how neuronal pathways become more efficient with increased intensity and redundancy of use

facilitate

The following _____ neuroplasticity:

• novelty

• physical exercise

• intensity/redundancy of practice

• complex problem-solving

• enhanced environments

• individualized saliency

• active use of affected body part

• goal-driven tasks

(facilitate or hinder)

intensity, redundancy, complex, enhanced, saliency, active, goal

Fill in the blanks of the following factors that facilitate neuroplasticity:

• novelty

• physical exercise

• ____/_____ of practice

• ______ problem-solving

• ______ environments

• individualized ______

• ______ use of affected body part

• ______-driven tasks

matching process

process by which infants match neuronal connections to their body and external environment by pruning surplus neurons and retracting inappropriate connections

neuronal competition

process by which neurons compete for neurotrophic factors during development

critical period

period during which neuroplasticity is maximal; synapses made during this period are more or less permanent

declarative (explicit) memory

memory of facts, events, concepts, places

nondeclarative (implicit) memory (procedural memory)

how-to memory; includes skills and habits, emotional associations, and conditioned reflexes

declarative (explicit) memory, nondeclarative (implicit) memory (procedural memory)

What are the 2 main types of long-term memory?

explicit memory

What is another name for declarative memory?

declarative memory

What is another name for explicit memory?

implicit memory

What is another name for nondeclarative or procedural memory?

nondeclarative memory

What is another name for implicit or procedural memory?

procedural memory

What is another name for nondeclarative or implicit memory?

episodic memory, semantic memory

What are the 2 main types of declarative (explicit) memory?

declarative (explicit) memory

Episodic memory and semantic memory are both what type of long-term memory?

medial temporal lobe, medial diencephalon

Which 2 brain regions are associated with both types of declarative (explicit) memory (episodic memory and semantic memory)?

basal ganglia, cerebellum, neocortex

What 3 brain regions are associated with the skills and habits portion of nondeclarative (implicit) memory (procedural memory)?

amygdala

What brain region is associated with the emotional associations portion of nondeclarative (implicit) memory (procedural memory)?

cerebellum

What brain region is associated with the conditioned reflexes portion of nondeclarative (implicit) memory (procedural memory)?

immediate memory (sensory memory, sensory register), working memory, long-term memory

What are the 3 stages of declarative (explicit) memory?

immediate memory (sensory memory, sensory register)

stage of declarative (explicit) memory which lasts up to 3 seconds and is processed by primary sensory and sensory association areas of brain

sensory memory, sensory register

What are 2 other names for immediate memory (the first stage of declarative memory)?

immediate memory

“Sensory memory” or “sensory register” refer to which stage of declarative (explicit) memory?

working memory

second stage of declarative (explicit) memory which lasts 3-30 seconds; information is effortfully processed, manipulated, and rehearsed

3-30 seconds

How long does working memory last?

up to 3 seconds

How long does immediate memory (sensory memory, sensory register) last?

long-term memory

third stage of declarative (explicit) memory in which information processed in working memory is stored relatively permanently in cerebral cortex

recent memory

long-term memories formed hours to weeks ago

remote memory

long-term memories formed in more distant past

attention

It is believed that the ability to utilize working memory is dependent on ______.

working

It is believed that the ability to utilize ____ memory is dependent on attention.

episodic memory

declarative (explicit) memory of events

semantic memory

declarative (explicit) memory of facts

consolidation

conversion of working memory to long-term memory

hippocampus

curved area of cortex that lies within limbic lobe and is primary structure associated with declarative memory, especially consolidation

limbic lobe

In which lobe is the hippocampus located?

hippocampus

What is the primary structure associated with declarative memory, specifically consolidation?

HM

patient who had bilateral removal of medial temporal lobes, including both hippocampi, to treat severe epileptic seizures; permanent memory loss including retrograde amnesia of ~1 year and anterograde amnesia

both

What type of memory loss did HM have? (retrograde amnesia, anterograde amnesia, both)

retrograde amnesia

loss of memories from a period prior to brain injury

anterograde amnesia

deficit in forming new memories

True

True or false: HM was able to learn new skills.

True

True or false: HM was able to remember distant past events.

False

True or false: HM could remember process of learning new skills.

False

HM’s case demonstrates that memories are stored in the hippocampus.

True

HM’s case demonstrates that the hippocampus consolidates working memory to long-term memory.

cognitive, associative, autonomous

What are the three stages involved in motor learning?

cognitive

first stage in motor learning in which verbal guidance and much attention is required

associative

second stage in motor learning in which movement is refined and made more efficient

autonomous

third stage in motor learning in which movements are practically automatic; requires very little conscious attention

True

True or false: many patients with declarative memory deficits have spared procedural memory