World History Final Review People

Apologists

defenders of the faith

Nero

first roman emperor to persecute Christans, was there burning the time of Paul

Marcus Aurelius

introduced a spy system to persecute christians, blamed them for natural disasters, and was the cause of many martyrs

Jerome

biblical translator and a monastic leader; relevant today because so many people know his dream about translating the bible because people are still translating it today

Augustine

atheist who converted to christianity, and held onto the belief that everyone needed their own encounter with God

Gnostics

belief in only one god

Constantine

roman emperor who made christianity legal

Gregory I

Pope of the roman empire and writer

The Franks

Biggest tribe of the germanic people who eventually conquered over Europe and fought over the Moors

Charles Martel

the most powerful person in the Frankish Kingdom n 719, won the battle of Tours which kept muslims out of Europe

Charlemagne

built the greatest empire by conquering land and converting others to Christianity

Serfs

servant/regular people who work in the village of the feudalistic estate

Knights

Protected the estate of their lords and were known for being chivalrous

Gregory VII

Pope who crowned Henry IV the emperor of Rome

Francis of Assisi

known for his ministry to the poor and unprivileged, his care of nature and animals, and founding the Franciscan order

Urban II

Pope who promised that Crusaders who died during the crusades would have a secure place in heaven

Crusaders

fought for the holy land in the middle east

Saladin

ruler of Islamic empire when the crusaders were occuring and beat them

Richard the Lionheart

led the 3rd crusade but died on the way back; king of England

William the Conqueror

Came from France and swallowed England up for breakfast in the 1000s

King John of England

was king, but a bad king so he had to sign the Magna Carta, which didnt work because he was really cruel

Edward I

1295, created parliament, two knights and two townspeople make up two houses, call the people together to raise taxes

Philip II

king of France who tried to regain the lost land but failed, improved Capetian rule by taking over Normandy and increasing the territory of France

Clement V/Urban VI

two popes that fought over who was pope, they were both at one point pope, but in the end neither of them became pope; western schism

Joan of Arc

woman who led the France, then the british accused her of witchcraft, she was captured and then killed, but then 20 years later she was proven innocent

Justinian

most relevant ruler of Byzantine Empire; repaired the city, built huge buildings, and had a relatively peaceful empire except for the Nika Rebellion

Byzantine Emperor Leo III

ruler that resisted arab invasions

Ivan III

first ruler of Russia

The Turks

Nomadic herders who lived on the edge of the Islamic Empire and sold their kids as slaves; they moved into the Abbasid land, they took over much of Persia and absorbed so much of their culture to the point where they almost lost their culture; conquered all the way to Europe but were prevented from finishing

The Ottomans

Group that came after the Turks and ate the Middle East for breakfast; lasted until WW1

Mehmed II

ottoman sultan who conquered Constantinople

Suleyman the Lawgiver

ruled from 1520 to 1566; conquered multiple lands in the middle east almost reached europe; as for ruling, known for creating a great government, simplified taxes

Tang Taizong

Emperor of China who ruled during the Tang Dynasty and started it

Genghis Khan

leader of the Mongols who led them to become an empire

Kublai Khan

ruled Mongolia Empire as the Great Khan; was the grandson of Genghis Khan

Marco Polo

came during the reign of Kublai Khan and was sent on govt missions throughout the empire, told tales of his travel in prison, became famous due to his stories

Shoguns

military ruler of Japan, true ruler

Manza Musa

wealthiest man in the world, king of Mali, went on a world tour to show off his wealth; muslim

Montezuma II

last ruler of the Aztec, played a big part in the decline of the Empire

Pachacuti

Conquered Peru, rebuilt and expanded the empire

The Medici Family

most powerful and wealthy merchant family in the Renaissance; had military control over the town of Venice

Dante

wrote the divine comedy, think of Dantes Inferno; combined religious ideas with classical literature; first to write in "Italian"

Petrarch

father of humanism; revered due to his christian values, but also his secular look on issues in society

Machiavelli

wrote The Prince; book is about how to control people by any necessary means; sought to explain politics as it really was