World History Final Review People

  1. Apologists- defenders of the faith

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  1. Nero- first roman emperor to persecute Christans, was there burning the time of Paul

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  1. Marcus Aurelius- introduced a spy system to persecute christians, blamed them for natural disasters, and was the cause of many martyrs 

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  1. Jerome- biblical translator and a monastic leader; relevant today because so many people know his dream about translating the bible because people are still translating it today

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  1. Augustine- atheist who converted to christianity, and held onto the belief that everyone needed their own encounter with God. He is the reason why so many people seek to have a personal relationship with God

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  1. Gnostics-  belief in only one God

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  1. Constantine- roman emperor who made christianity legal 

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  1. Gregory I- Pope of the roman empire and writer

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  1. The Franks- Biggest tribe of the germanic people who eventually conquered over Europe and fought over the Moors

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  1. Charles Martel- the most powerful person in the Frankish Kingdom n 719, won the battle of Tours which kept muslims out of Europe

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  1. Charlemagne- built the greatest empire by conquering land and converting others to Christianity. He was also crowned the Roman Emperor by the Pope.  

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  1. Serfs- servant/regular people who work in the village of the feudalistic estate

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  1. Knights- knights protected the estate of their lords and were known for being chivalrous 

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  1. Gregory VII- Pope who crowned Henry IV the emperor of Rome

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  1. Franciscans/St. Francis of Assisi- known for his ministry to the poor and unprivileged, his care of nature and animals, and founding the Franciscan order  

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  1. Urban II- Pope who promised that Crusaders who died during the crusades would have a secure place in heaven

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  1. Crusaders- fought for the holy land in the middle east

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  1. Saladin- ruler of Islamic empire when the crusaders were occuring and beat them

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  1. Richard the Lionheart- led the 3rd crusade but died on the way back; king of England

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  1. William the Conqueror- Came from France and swallowed England up for breakfast in the 1000s

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  1. King John of England- was king, but a bad king so he had to sign the Magna Carta, which didn’t work because he was really cruel

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  1. Edward I- 1295, created parliament, two knights and two townspeople make up two houses, call the people together to raise taxes 

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  1. Philip II- king of France who tried to regain the lost land but failed, improved Capetian rule by taking over Normandy and increasing the territory of France

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  1. Clement V/Urban VI- two popes that fought over who was pope, they were both at one point pope, but in the end neither of them became pope; western schism 

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  1. Joan of Arc- woman who led the France, then the british accused her of witchcraft, she was captured and then killed, but then 20 years later she was proven innocent 

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  1. Justinian-  most relevant ruler of Byzantine Empire; repaired the city, built huge buildings, and had a relatively peaceful empire except for the Nika Rebellion; 

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  1. Byzantine Emperor Leo III- ruler that resisted arab invasions

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  1. Ivan III- first ruler of Russia 

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  1. The Turks-  nomadic herders who lived on the edge of the Islamic Empire and sold their kids as slaves; they moved into the Abbasid land, they took over much of Persia and absorbed so much of their culture to the point where they almost lost their culture; conquered all the way to Europe but were prevented from finishing 

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  1. The Ottomans- Group that came after the Turks and ate the Middle East for breakfast; lasted until WW1 

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  1. Mehmed II- ottoman sultan who conquered Constantinople

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  1. Suleyman the Lawgiver- ruled from 1520 to 1566; conquered multiple lands in the middle east almost reached europe; as for ruling, known for creating a great government, simplified taxes

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  1. Tang Taizong- Emperor of China who ruled during the Tang Dynasty and started it

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  1. Genghis Khan- leader of the Mongols who led them to become an empire

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  1. Kublai Khan- ruled Mongolia Empire as the Great Khan; was the grandson of Genghis Khan. Considered to be one of the best emperors in history, conquered China 

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  1. Marco Polo- came during the reign of Kublai Khan and was sent on gov’t missions throughout the empire, told tales of his travel in prison, became famous due to his stories 

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  1. Shoguns- military ruler of Japan, true ruler 

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  1. Manza Musa- wealthiest man in the world, king of Mali, went on a world tour to show off his wealth; muslim 

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  1. Montezuma II- last ruler of the Aztec, played a big part in the decline of the Empire 

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  1. Pachacuti-  Conquered Peru, rebuilt and expanded the empire

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  1. The Medici Family- most powerful and wealthy merchant family in the Renaissance; had military control over the town of Venice

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  1. Dante- wrote the divine comedy, think of Dante’s Inferno; combined religious ideas with classical literature; first to write in “Italian” 

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  1. Petrarch- father of humanism; revered due to his christian values, but also his secular look on issues in society 

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  1. Machiavelli- wrote The Prince; book is about how to control people by any necessary means; sought to explain politics as it really was