AQA GCSE C2 Bonding

What elements bond in ionic bonding?

Non metals and metals

What elements bond in covalent bonding?

Non metals

What elements bond in metallic bonding?

Metals

What happens during ionic bonding?

Electrons move from the outer shell of the metal to the outer shell of the non metal.

What happens to the metal in ionic bonding?

It loses electrons and becomes positively charged

What happens to the non metal in ionic bonding?

It gains electrons and becomes negatively charged

Why do ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points?

The ions are arranged in a regular lattice, and held together by strong forces of attraction within this. This means a lot of force is required to break them apart.

What happens during metallic bonding?

Positive metal ions are surrounded by delocalised electrons that move in between the regular layers

Why can metals conduct electricity?

The delocalised electrons can move and carry charge. This happens in all states

What are alloys?

substances made from two or more different metals mixed together

Why do alloys have different properties to metals?

They don't have regular layers so are stronger and have higher melting points

What happens in covalent bonding?

A shared pair of electrons between non metals from the outer shell

What are the properties of simple covalent molecules?

Micromolecular lattice

Weak forces of attraction so have low boiling points

What are the properties of giant covalent molecules?

Macromolecular lattice

No forces of attraction, only covalent bonds so high boiling point

What is the relative mass of a proton?

1 unit

What is the relative mass of a neutron?

1 unit

What is the relative mass of an electron?

1/1840/ negligable

What is the relative charge of a proton?

+1

What is the relative charge of a neutron?

0

What is the relative charge of an electron?

-1

Ionic bonding

Covalent bonding

Metallic bonding

What are the particles like in a solid?

Uniform layers
Compact
Dense
Pass heat and electricity by vibration of particles

What are the particles like in a liquid?

Packed close together, but with no regular arrangement
Vibrate and slide past each other

What are the particles like in a gas?

Well separated with no regular arrangement.
Vibrate and move freely at high speeds
Can be compressed

What are the properties of ionic compounds?

In general, ionic compounds form hard, brittle crystals that have high melting points. They conduct electric current when dissolved in water or melted.

What is the structure and bonding in diamond

In diamond, each carbon atom forms four covalent bonds with other carbon atoms in a giant covalent structure, so diamond is very hard, has a very high melting point and does not conduct electricity

The process in which a liquid turns into a solid is called?

Freezing

The process in which a solid turns into a liquid is called?

Melting

The process in which a liquid turns into a gas is called?

Boiling

Dalton model

JJ Thomson Plum Pudding Model

What did J.J Thomspon's model claim?

That all atoms contain tiny negatively charged subatomic particles or electrons.

Rutherford's model

What did Rutherford's model claim?

Concluded atoms consist mostly of empty space where electrons move and also have a positively charged molecule in the center

The Bohr model

What did Bohr's model claim?

Electrons move rapidly around the nucleus in paths called orbits

What is the structure and bonding of graphite?

In graphite, carbon only bonds to three and so they have delocalised electrons meaning it can conduct electricity. The layers can also slide over one another