SHS Junior Year

Respiratory System

Lungs, diaphragm, trachea; supplies air for phonation and speech.

Phonatory System

Larynx, vocal folds, glottis; produces voiced sounds via vocal fold vibration.

Articulatory System

Tongue, lips, teeth, alveolar ridge, hard/soft palate; shapes speech sounds.

Resonatory System

Nasal and oral cavities, velum; adds quality to sound (hypernasality/hyponasality).

Outer Ear

Pinna, auditory canal.

Middle Ear

Ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes), eustachian tube.

Inner Ear

Cochlea, semicircular canals.

Auditory Nerve

Transmits sound to brain.

Broca’s Area

Frontal lobe; responsible for expressive language.

Wernicke’s Area

Temporal lobe; responsible for receptive language.

Swallowing Phases

Oral prep, oral transit, pharyngeal, esophageal.

IPA Transcription

Use of International Phonetic Alphabet for accurate sound transcription.

Consonant Classification

Place, manner, voicing.

Vowel Classification

Height, backness, tenseness, roundness.

Diacritics

Narrow transcription for disordered speech.

SUprasegmentals

Pitch, stress, intonation, duration.

Dialect Variation

Impact on assessment; requires cultural competence.

MLU

Mean Length of Utterance; average morphemes per utterance.

Brown’s Morphemes

Developed between 20–48 months (e.g., plural -s, past tense -ed).

Skinner

Behaviorist theory—language learned through reinforcement.

Chomsky

Nativist theory—language is innate.

Piaget

Language tied to cognitive development.

Vygotsky

Language is socially driven.

Simultaneous Bilingualism

Learning two languages from birth.

Sequential Bilingualism

Learning one language first, then another.

Articulation Disorder

Difficulty producing specific sounds.

Phonological Disorder

Sound pattern errors (e.g., fronting, stopping).

Apraxia of Speech

Motor planning deficit.

Dysarthia

Motor execution deficit.

Cycles Approach

Targets phonological patterns in cycles.

Minimal Pairs

Contrasts pairs differing by one phoneme

Frequency (Hz)

Pitch of sound

Intensity (dB)

loudness of sound

Audiogram

graph showing hearing thresholds

Conductive Hearing Loss

Outer/middle ear problem

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

inner ear or nerve issue

Mixed Hearing Loss

combination of CHL and SNHL

OAE

tests cochlear function

ABR; auditory brainstem response

tests neural hearing pathway

DLD

developmental language disorder

IEP

Individualized Education Plan with SMART goals.

AAC

Augmentative and Alternative Communication.

PLS

Preschool Language Scales assessment.

Broca’s Aphasia

Non-fluent, effortful speech

Wernicke’s Aphasia

Fluent but impaired comprehension.

Global Aphasia

Severe expressive and receptive deficits.

Anomic Aphasia

Word-finding difficulty

Right Hemisphere Damage

Neglect, prosody, attention deficits

Stuttering

Repetitions, prolongations, blocks.

Cluttering

Rapid, disorganized speech.

Stuttering Modification

Reduce tension, increase control.

Fluency shaping

Increase smooth, fluent speech.

Vocal Nodules

Callous-like growths on vocal folds.

Hypernasality

Excessive nasal resonance.

Hyponasality

Too little nasal resonance.

CAPE-V

Voice assessment tool.

reliability

Consistency of measurement.

valifity

Accuracy of measurement.

EBP Triangle

Best evidence, clinical expertise, patient values.

SOAP Notes

Subjective, Objective, Assessment, Plan documentation.

Cultural Competence

Respecting and adapting to client diversity.

ASHA Code of Ethics

Guides ethical professional conduct.

CSDCAS

Centralized application service for SLP grad school.

Praxis Exam

Certification exam for speech-language pathology.