________ is attacked by some exogenous agent, broken down, and absorbed.
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Vasogenic
________ and cytotoxic edema often occur in response to a stroke.
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Astrocytes
________ are very reactive and astrocytomas are the most common primary CNS tumor.
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Trauma
________ creates a physiologic response in affected axons that can lead to their swelling and eventual Wallerian Degeneration, effectively disrupting functions of the networks in which they play a role.
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high force pressure
The ________ wave from an explosion can injure the brain internally and can be combined with penetrating injuries such as shrapnel.
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Pathologic Hallmark
________ is an outpouring of white blood cells.
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TBI
________ from blast injuries is more complicated physiologically than ________ associated with non blast causes.
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Parkinsons
Presence may identify specific diseases such as ________, Picks, and certain viral infections.
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PNS
In the ________, regeneration of the nerve is possible if the cell body survives.
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CNS
Injury to a(n) ________ axon usually does not result in death of postsynaptic neurons, but activities of postsynaptic neurons may be altered by diaschisis (a process in which the neurons function abnormally because influences necessary to their normal function have been removed by damage to neurons to which they are connected)
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Contrecoup lesion
________: if the injury is associated with acceleration, the motion of the brain may also cause trauma at sites opposite the point of impact.
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Fluid
________ may collect in the extracellular space and cause significant increase in intracranial pressure.
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inborn errors
Leukodystrophies*** are diseases in which myelin is abnormally formed in response to ________ in metabolism which leads to the eventual breakdown of myelin.
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Emboli
________ usually comes from the heart.
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vessel
A(n) ________ ruptures into the brain, with an accumulation of blood in neural tissue.
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Cerebral edema
________ is common in stroke because ischemia affects the blood- brain barrier, neuronal, and glial cell membranes.
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CHI
Injuries from ________ can create focal lesions, diffuse axonal injury, and superimposed hypoxia or ischemia and microvascular damage.
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Cognitive deficits
________ are the most common and persistent neurological deficit associated with CHI.
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Vitamin deficiencies
________, thyroid hormone deficiency, genetic biochemical disorders, complications of kidney and liver disease, hypoxia, hypoglycemia, hyponatremia, and drug toxicity.
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Tumors
________ usually create focal signs and symptoms and are chronic or progressive in their course.
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cell type
Any ________ in the nervous system can become neoplastic but because neurons in the adult nervous system do not normally undergo cell division, neuronal neoplasms are rare.
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Diffuse axonal injury
________ is a consistent, biologically complex contributor to neurologic deficits in mild- to- severe CHI.
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Inflammation
________ in the PNS may occur in single nerves (mononeuritis) or in multiple nerves (polyneuritis)
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spread of infection
A process in which astrocytes proliferate to form a wall of flail fibers that limits ________.
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Inflammatory diseases
________ in the CNS are focal and may be abscess formation.
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PNS tumors
________ rarely metastasize (spread) outside the CNS, but systemic cancer can spread to the CNS.
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Focal contusions
________ (superficial injuries characterized by leptomeningeal hemorrhage and variable degrees of edema) often occur at the site of impact and result in focal neurologic deficits; they are known as coup injuries.
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PNS traumatic injuries
________ can be focal or multifocal.
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Astrocytes
________ react to many CNS injuries by forming scars in injured neural tissue.
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Tumors
________ are often named after the cell types from which they arise.
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May also react more specifically to metabolic diseases (hepatic
liver failure) or form inclusion bodies in cell nuclei in response to certain viral infections
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Contrecoup lesion
if the injury is associated with acceleration, the motion of the brain may also cause trauma at sites opposite the point of impact
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Most common sites of these focal injuries
orbitofrontal region and the anterior temporal lobes
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Other physiological responses that can occur include
hypoxia and ischemia in response to stretch and strain on blood vessels, subtle problems with metabolic and vascular regulatory processes, and neuroinflammation
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