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Meylin

________ is attacked by some exogenous agent, broken down, and absorbed.

Vasogenic

________ and cytotoxic edema often occur in response to a stroke.

Astrocytes

________ are very reactive and astrocytomas are the most common primary CNS tumor.

Trauma

________ creates a physiologic response in affected axons that can lead to their swelling and eventual Wallerian Degeneration, effectively disrupting functions of the networks in which they play a role.

high force pressure

The ________ wave from an explosion can injure the brain internally and can be combined with penetrating injuries such as shrapnel.

Pathologic Hallmark

________ is an outpouring of white blood cells.

TBI

________ from blast injuries is more complicated physiologically than ________ associated with non blast causes.

Parkinsons

Presence may identify specific diseases such as ________, Picks, and certain viral infections.

PNS

In the ________, regeneration of the nerve is possible if the cell body survives.

CNS

Injury to a(n) ________ axon usually does not result in death of postsynaptic neurons, but activities of postsynaptic neurons may be altered by diaschisis (a process in which the neurons function abnormally because influences necessary to their normal function have been removed by damage to neurons to which they are connected)

Contrecoup lesion

________: if the injury is associated with acceleration, the motion of the brain may also cause trauma at sites opposite the point of impact.

Fluid

________ may collect in the extracellular space and cause significant increase in intracranial pressure.

inborn errors

Leukodystrophies*** are diseases in which myelin is abnormally formed in response to ________ in metabolism which leads to the eventual breakdown of myelin.

Emboli

________ usually comes from the heart.

vessel

A(n) ________ ruptures into the brain, with an accumulation of blood in neural tissue.

Cerebral edema

________ is common in stroke because ischemia affects the blood- brain barrier, neuronal, and glial cell membranes.

CHI

Injuries from ________ can create focal lesions, diffuse axonal injury, and superimposed hypoxia or ischemia and microvascular damage.

Cognitive deficits

________ are the most common and persistent neurological deficit associated with CHI.

Vitamin deficiencies

________, thyroid hormone deficiency, genetic biochemical disorders, complications of kidney and liver disease, hypoxia, hypoglycemia, hyponatremia, and drug toxicity.

Tumors

________ usually create focal signs and symptoms and are chronic or progressive in their course.

cell type

Any ________ in the nervous system can become neoplastic but because neurons in the adult nervous system do not normally undergo cell division, neuronal neoplasms are rare.

Diffuse axonal injury

________ is a consistent, biologically complex contributor to neurologic deficits in mild- to- severe CHI.

Inflammation

________ in the PNS may occur in single nerves (mononeuritis) or in multiple nerves (polyneuritis)

spread of infection

A process in which astrocytes proliferate to form a wall of flail fibers that limits ________.

Inflammatory diseases

________ in the CNS are focal and may be abscess formation.

PNS tumors

________ rarely metastasize (spread) outside the CNS, but systemic cancer can spread to the CNS.

Focal contusions

________ (superficial injuries characterized by leptomeningeal hemorrhage and variable degrees of edema) often occur at the site of impact and result in focal neurologic deficits; they are known as coup injuries.

PNS traumatic injuries

________ can be focal or multifocal.

Astrocytes

________ react to many CNS injuries by forming scars in injured neural tissue.

Tumors

________ are often named after the cell types from which they arise.

May also react more specifically to metabolic diseases (hepatic

liver failure) or form inclusion bodies in cell nuclei in response to certain viral infections

Contrecoup lesion

if the injury is associated with acceleration, the motion of the brain may also cause trauma at sites opposite the point of impact

Most common sites of these focal injuries

orbitofrontal region and the anterior temporal lobes

Other physiological responses that can occur include

hypoxia and ischemia in response to stretch and strain on blood vessels, subtle problems with metabolic and vascular regulatory processes, and neuroinflammation

Common cause

embolism

Onset

abrupt

Most common

ruptured aneurysms