Respiratory System Vocabulary

What is the physiological pH?

7.35 - 7.45

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

Supply O2, Remove CO2, Remove Heat, Vocalization and Olfaction, and Acid/Base Homeostasis

What are the steps in the respiratory cycle?

1.) Pulmonary ventilation

2.) External Respiration

3.) Transportation of gases via blood

4.) Internal Respiration

What is the combination of inspiration and expiration?

Pulmonary Ventilation

What is external respiration?

O2 and CO2 exchange between lungs and the blood

What is internal respiration?

O2 and CO2 exchange between blood and tissue

What are the two major components of the entire respiratory system?

Upper respiratory system and Lower Respiratory system

What are the two components of the lower respiratory system?

Conducting zone and the Respiratory zone

What is the function of the conducting zone?

Moving air from point A to point B in the lower respiratory zone

What is the function of the upper respiratory system?

Heat incoming air, humidify the lungs, and filter via mucus or ciliated cells

What is the function of the respiratory zone?

zone site of gas exchange

What is the functional unit of the respiratory system?

Alveoli

What is bronchi?

The passages that direct air into the lungs

What are the main 3 types of cells in alveoli?

Alveolar Type 1, Alveolar Type 2, and Macrophage

What is the function of Alveolar Type 1 Cells?

cellular gas exchange

What is the function of Alveolar Type 2 Cells?

Production of surfactant

What is the function of macrophage?

Innate Immune System

What is structural differences differentiate the function of Alveoli and Bronchiole?

Bronchioles are thicker walled and Alveoli is thinner

What is acidosis?

when blood pH drops below 7.35

What is alkalosis?

When blood pH rises above 7.45

What are the properties of the respiratory system?

compliance, elasticity, and surface tension

What is compliance?

ability to stretch

What is elasticity?

ability to recoil to resting length

What is surface tension?

Attraction of like-molecules

What is surfactant?

A detergent like complex, reduces surface tension and helps keep the alveoli from collapsing.

What happens if alveoli collapse?

Prevents gas exchange

What is Patm?

atmospheric pressure

What is Ppul?

intrapulmonary pressure

What is Ppip?

Intrapleural Pressure

What is set point for Ppul?

Ppul=Patm

What is set point for Ppip?

Ppip

What happens if Ppip is greater than Ppul?

Lung Collapses

Is Inspiration an Active or Passive process?

Active

What is the process of inspiration?

1. Diaphragm contracts

2. Thoracic cavity volume increases

3. Ppul decreases

4.) Air rushes in so Ppul=Patm

What is the process of expiration?

1. Diaphragm relaxes

2. Thoracic cavity volume decreases

3. Ppul increases

4.) Air rushes out so Ppul=Patm

Is expiration a passive or active process?

Passive

What does it mean to be an active process?

The process uses ATP

What is Boyle's Law?

There is an inverse relationship between volume and pressure

What is Tidal Volume?

Amount of air that enters and exits the lungs during normal breathing

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

Extra amount of air over tidal volume.

What is Expiratory reserve volume?

Extra amount under the tidal volume

What is vital capacity?

Amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled or exhaled.

What is residual volume?

All the air that has to stay in the lungs and cant be forced out

What is total capcity?

The entire volume of air in your lungs, including inspiratory reserve volume to residual volume.

What is dead space?

Areas with air that never make it to gas exhange

What are the types of dead space?

Anatomical and Alveolar

What is the total dead space?

The sum of anatomical and alveolar dead space

What is Dalton’s Gas Law?

The total pressure of mixed gas equals the sum of all the partial pressures of gas.

What would be the partial pressure of oxygen if its percent in the atmosphere is 20.9%. Assume Patm is 760 mmHg

159 mmHg

How does Dalton’s Law help the respiratory system?

Allows for selective transfer of gases from high pressures to low pressures.

What is Henry’s Law?

The amount of gas dissolved in liquid depends on: solubility, temperature, and partial pressure

What part of Henry’s law is important from a physiological stand ppint

Partial Pressure

How does Henry’s Law drive the respiratory system?

It explains how gases diffuse across membranes, allowing oxygen to enter the blood and carbon dioxide to exit based on their partial pressures.

What percent of oxygen is transported by being dissolved in plasma?

1.5%

What percent of oxygen transportation in blood is done through the binding of O and Fe in Hemoglobin?

98.5%

How can you manipulate amount of oxygen in the bloodstream?

1.) Change of partial pressure of oxygen in the environment

2.) Affinity between O2 and hemoglobin

How can you decrease the affinity between O2 and Hemoglobin?

Drop of pH, increase of temperature, and increase of 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid

What percent of carbon dioxide is transported through blood by being dissolved in plasma?

10%

What percent of carbon dioxide is transported through the blood by carboaminohemoglobin?

20%

What percent of carbon dioxide is transported through blood by bicarbonate?

70%

What is the equation for the change of CO2 to bicarbonate?

CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 → HCO3-1 + H+

What is the chloride shift?

The process of Cl- coming into the blood when HCO3-1 leaves to maintain the electrochemical gradient

What are the key differences between Avian and Mammal Ventilation?

1.) No Diaphragm

2.) Air Sacs

3.) Lungs are not elastic

4.) Gas expanse occurs in air capillaries

What is the process of Avian Ventilation?

1.) 1st inhale - air moves through lungs to posterior air sacs

2.) 1st exhale - air moves to lung tissue

3.) 2nd inhale - waste air moves to anterior air sacs

4.) 2nd exhale - waste air leaves the body from the anterior air sacs through trachea