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Attribution Theory
the theory that we explain someones behavior by crediting either the situation or the person disposition.
Fundamental attribution error
the tendency for an observer, when analyzing others behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.
Self-serving bias
a mistake in which we tend to take credit for our success and try to ‘explain away’ our failures on environmental variables rather than taking responsibility.
False-consensus effect
a mistake in which we tend to interpret our behavior or beliefs as ‘the norm’ or common
Confirmation bias
a mistake in which we interpret new information as confirmation of our own existing beliefs.
Halo effect
a mistake in which we take a small piece of information to make an overall judgement about someone(typically appearance)
Attitude
feelings that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
Central route persuasion
attitude change path in which interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts (people focus on rationale and facts)
Peripheral route
attitude change path in which people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speakers attractiveness
Foot-in-the-door phenomenon
the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
Role
a specific social position that comes with a set of expectations defining how those in position ought to behave.
Cognitive Dissonance Theory(Leon Festinger)
the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent.
Conformity
adjusting ones behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.
Normative social influence (Stanley Milgram)
influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disaproval.
Informational social influence
influence resulting from ones willingness to accept others options about reality.
The Lemming Effect
a phenemon where in crowds of people exhibit a certain behavior for no reason other than the fact that a majority of their peers do.
Social facilitation
stronger responses on simple or well learned tasks in the presence of others
Social loafing
the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts towards attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.
Deindividuation
the loss of self awareness and self restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal
Group polarization
the enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group
Groupthink (Irving Janis)
the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
Diffusion of Responsibility
phenomenon where a person is less likely to take responsiblity for a action or inaction when bystanders are present
Cultural norms
an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior
Minority influence
that 1-2 individuals who unswervingly hold their position and maintain a high level of self confidence can become so influential that they sway public opinion
Prejudice
an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members. Generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action
Stereotypes
a generalized belief about a group of people
Discrimination
unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members
In-groups
“US”-people with whom we share a common identity
Outgroups
“Them”- those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup
Ingroup bias
the tendency to favor our own group
Scapegoat theory
the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
Other race effect (also called cross race effect and own race bias)
the tendency to recall faces of ones own race more accurately than faces of others
Just-world phenomenon
the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.
Frustration-aggression principle
the principle that frustration- the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- creates anger, which can generate aggression
Mere-exposure effect
the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
Reward theory of attraction
we like those whose behavior is rewarding to us and we tend to continue relationships that offer more rewards than losses
Passionate love
an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship.
Companionate love
the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
Altruism
unselfish regard for the welfare of others; behavior that benefits someone else, at the cost of the provider
Bystander effect
the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
Social exchange theory
the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize cost - people get out what they put in
Reciprocity norm
an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them
Social responsibility norm
an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them
Conflict
a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas
Social trap
a situation in which conflicting partys by each rationally pursuing their self interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior (non-zero sum matrix)
Mirror image perceptions
mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and agressive
Self fulfilling prophecy
a belief that leads to its own fufillment
Subordinate goals
shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation
