2. Molecular Structure and Intermolecular Forces

"Polarity"

"A measure of how evenly electrons are distributed in a molecule; a molecule is polar if it has a net dipole moment."

"Electronegativity"

"A measure of an atom's ability to attract shared electrons in a chemical bond."

"Molecular Geometry"

"The three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule, which influences polarity and physical properties."

"Intermolecular Forces"

"Forces of attraction or repulsion between molecules, including London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, and hydrogen bonding."

"London Dispersion Forces"

"Weak intermolecular forces caused by temporary dipoles that occur due to momentary uneven distribution of electrons."

"Dipole-Dipole Interactions"

"Attractive forces between polar molecules due to the alignment of opposite partial charges."

"Hydrogen Bonding"

"A strong type of dipole-dipole interaction that occurs when hydrogen is bonded to a highly electronegative atom (N, O, or F)."

"Boiling Point"

"The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the external pressure; influenced by intermolecular forces."

"Melting Point"

"The temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid; influenced by molecular structure and intermolecular forces."

"Solubility"

"The ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent; affected by polarity and intermolecular forces."