chem chapter 3 2/27/25

Ionic Compounds

Compounds formed from the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.

Molecular Compounds

Compounds formed when two or more nonmetals share electrons to form covalent bonds.

Prefixes in Molecular Naming

Prefix used to indicate the number of atoms; for example, 'tri-' stands for three.

Binary Acids

Acids that consist of hydrogen and one other element, typically a nonmetal.

Oxoacids

Acids that contain hydrogen, oxygen, and another element, typically a polyatomic ion.

Hydroiodic Acid

The name for HI when it is dissolved in water, derived from iodine.

Phosphoric Acid

The acid derived from the phosphate ion, H3PO4.

Molar Mass

The mass of one mole of a substance, usually expressed in grams per mole.

Percentage Composition

The percentage by mass of each element in a compound.

Subscript in Chemical Formulas

Indicates the number of atoms of an element in a molecule.

Molecular Formula for Sodium Phosphate

Na3PO4, a compound that contains sodium, phosphorus, and oxygen.

Water's Chemical Name

H2O, commonly known as water, which is sometimes referred to in relation to acids as hydroxylic acid.

Carbonic Acid

The acid formed from carbon dioxide dissolved in water, represented as H2CO3.

Diatomic Molecule

A molecule composed of only two atoms, which can be of the same or different chemical elements.

Determining Grams from Moles

The process of converting moles of a compound to grams using its molar mass.

Acid Strength

Typically, the strength of an acid increases with the number of oxygen atoms in its structure.

Empirical Formula

A formula that shows the simplest whole-number ratio of elements in a compound.

Hydrochloric Acid

The name for HCl when it is dissolved in water.

Sulfate Ion

The polyatomic ion SO4^(2-), which is associated with sulfuric acid.

Covalent Bonds

Chemical bonds formed by the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.

Ionization Energy

The energy required to remove an electron from an atom or ion.

Electronegativity

A measure of an atom's ability to attract and hold onto electrons.

Polyatomic Ions

Ions that consist of two or more atoms bonded together, which carry a charge.

Sodium Chloride

An ionic compound commonly known as table salt, with the formula NaCl.

Hydrogen Bonding

A weak attraction between a hydrogen atom bonded to an electronegative atom and another electronegative atom.

Balancing Chemical Equations

The process of making sure that the number of atoms for each element is the same on both sides of a chemical equation.

Chemical Reaction Types

Different classifications of chemical reactions, including synthesis, decomposition, single-replacement, and double-replacement.

Phase Changes

Transitions between solid, liquid, and gas phases, such as melting, freezing, boiling, and condensation.

Molecular Geometry

The three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule, which affects its physical and chemical properties.