TOEFL 1 Biology

adaptation; evolutionary adaptation; How does adaptation help species survive?; Adaptation helps organisms survive by altering physical or behavioral traits over time.

適應; 進化適應

natural selection; natural selection pressure; What drives natural selection in harsh environments?; Natural selection favors individuals with advantageous traits in specific conditions.

自然選擇; 天擇

speciation; genetic speciation; How does speciation occur through reproductive isolation?; Speciation occurs when genetic divergence prevents distinct populations from interbreeding.

物種形成; 基因物種形成

mutation; genetic mutation; What causes a genetic mutation during DNA replication?; A genetic mutation happens when an alteration occurs in the nucleotide sequence of DNA.

突變; 基因突變

relict; relict species; Where can we find a relict species today?; A relict species survives in a restricted area though its population was once widespread.

遺遺生物; 殘存物種

superorganism; social superorganism; How does a superorganism achieve complex division of labor?; A superorganism achieves complex division of labor like cooperative social insect colonies.

超個體; 社會超個體

colonization; plant colonization; Why does colonization occur in newly disturbed areas?; Colonization occurs as species migrate and establish populations in new territories.

(動植物的)拓殖; 植被形成

community; ecological community; What defines a biological community in a specific habitat?; A biological community consists of all interacting plant and animal populations in a region.

群落; 生態群落

symbiosis; mutualistic symbiosis; How does symbiosis benefit participating organisms?; Symbiosis involves close interaction where at least one species derives fitness benefits.

共生; 互利共生

parasitism; obligate parasitism; Why is parasitism costly to the host organism?; Parasitism exploits a host where the parasite gains fitness at the host's expense.

寄生; 專性寄生

parasite; endoparasite infection; How does a parasite locate a suitable host organism?; A parasite finds nutrients by living in or on a host organism.

寄生蟲、寄生生物; 內寄生蟲感染

commensalism; ecological commensalism; Does commensalism harm the host species involved?; Commensalism benefits one species while leaving the other unaffected.

片利共生; 生態片利共生

mutualism; obligate mutualism; How does mutualism support both participating species?; Mutualism provides reciprocal fitness benefits to both interacting species.

互利共生; 專性互利共生

epiphyte; tropical epiphyte; Where does an epiphyte anchor for moisture and light?; An epiphyte grows harmlessly upon another plant surface for physical support.

附生植物; 熱帶附生植物

niche; ecological niche; How does a niche describe an organism's environmental role?; A niche specifies environmental conditions required for a species' survival.

生態位; 生態位

flora; native flora; What characterizes the regional flora of a biome?; Flora encompasses all native plant species found across a specific geological era or region.

植物相; 當地植物相

fauna; native fauna; How is regional fauna cataloged in paleontology?; Fauna represents all animal life inhabiting a specific habitat or geological period.

動物相; 當地動物相

biomass; algal biomass; Why do researchers measure total biomass in an ecosystem?; Biomass quantifies total organic mass of living organisms per unit area.

生物量; 藻類生物量

food web; complex food web; How does energy flow through a multi-trophic food web?; A food web maps complex feeding connections among trophic levels in an ecosystem.

食物網; 複雜食物網

biological clock; circadian biological clock; What regulates a biological clock in living organisms?; A biological clock internalizes temporal rhythms governing physiological processes.

生物時鐘; 晝夜生物時鐘

circadian; circadian rhythm; How does a circadian rhythm reset over twenty-four hours?; A circadian rhythm cycles approximately every twenty-four hours matching environmental light.

日夜節律的; 晝夜節律

cell division; mitotic cell division; Why is cell division essential for tissue growth?; Cell division produces daughter cells required for growth and tissue repair.

細胞分裂; 有絲分裂細胞分裂

reproduction; sexual reproduction; How does reproduction ensure continuity of genetic lineages?; Reproduction generates offspring to maintain biological continuation of a species.

生殖、繁殖; 有性生殖

offspring; genetic offspring; How do offspring inherit traits from parent organisms?; Offspring receive genetic material determining inherited phenotypic characteristics.

子女、後代; 基因後代

dormancy; metabolic dormancy; Why do seeds enter metabolic dormancy during winter?; Dormancy suspends active growth to help organisms survive unfavorable conditions.

休眠狀態; 代謝休眠

organism; living organism; How does a living organism maintain internal homeostasis?; A living organism carries out vital metabolic functions to sustain life.

有機體、生物; 活有機體

microorganism; pathogenic microorganism; How small is a typical single-celled microorganism?; A microorganism generally measures under one millimeter, requiring magnification.

微生物; 病原微生物

fungus; saprophytic fungus; How does a fungus absorb nutrients from organic matter?; A fungus decomposes external organic substrates via enzymatic absorption.

真菌; 腐生真菌

bacteria; pathogenic bacteria; Where can single-celled bacteria inhabit in nature?; Bacteria occupy diverse ecological niches as prokaryotic single-celled micro-organisms.

細菌; 病原細菌

paleontology; fossil paleontology; What does paleontology study using ancient fossil records?; Paleontology reconstructs ancient life forms across geological time scales.

古生物學; 化石古生物