cybercrime exam 3

How does research view stalking?

Extension of domestic violence or inter-partner violence

How do we explain the rise of stalking as a social problem?

Greater instability and breakdown of relationship

A cultural change ijnhow we think about minterpersonal relationships

How fast wqs legislation for stalking created?

2000- all 50 states had anti stalking provisions, starting in 1991

Data and Society Institute and the Center for Innovative Public Health Research?

Reported cyberstalking statistics, 2016, 47 percent reported online harrassment, and 8 percent reported being cyberstalked to feeling unsafe

Gender for stalking?

Men and women recieve equal levels of harrassment, women recieve more severe threats.

Age group that experiences most stalking?

Younger people “14 percent of users 30 or younger has been cyberstalked”

Sexual orientation of cyberstalking?

Lbg communities

What do victims of cyberstalking experience?

Isolation and Disconnected from uaving to shutdown online accounts.

Tokunaga + Aune's (2017) Taxonomy of Tactics?

Ignore or avoid stalker

Online presence managment (change username

Seek help, reaching out

Negotiate, threat and derogation

Compliance and excuses by playing nalong

Difference between cyberstalking and irl stalking?

Cyberstalking is more mediated and at a distance. Some cases do transition to meat relm. Could lead to NCII, revenge porn

What is “Is anyone up?”

Hunter Moore, website designed to upload NCII and link it to social media accounts and location.

2025 TAKE IT DOWN act?

Criminalized publication of non consensual intimate images, includes AI or deepfake

Creepshots?

Panty shots, legal in the US, illegal pretty much anywhere else

Virtual Mobs?

Online harrassment where offendors coalace and dogpile the victim, intense, viscous, and long terrm crusades against victim

What was gamergate? Who was involved?

Focused on Zoe Quinn, harassment started in 2014 after an abusive ex posted on SomethingAwful about how she slept with gsme reviewrs to get ratings up. Harassment ocurred for years.

Gender Trolling?

Persistant mysogynistic form of harassment which could be towards

• women asserting opinions online

• graphic sexualized gender based insults

• includes r*pe + death threats - often credible ones

• cross multiple social media or online platforms

• occurs at an unusually high frequency

• perpetuated for a long duration

• involve many attackers in a concentrated and often coordinated campaign

  • carla mantilla

Hate speach?

speach which denigrates a person or group in anyway that promotes ciolence because of personal attributes like race, age, gender

What are the U.S. laws against hate speech?

Punishable if threats of violence express intent to commit an act of violence against an inducidual or group

must include a serious expression of intent to commit an imminent act of violence aagainst an identified individual or group

What does hate speech look like online? Where does it occur?

Websites, chatrooms, and bulliten boards established by organized political groups, often far right ultra nationalist white supremecist neo nazi

What is stormfront

one of the first and most notorious online hate websites is stormfront, ran by don black of the KKK, became a focal point for online white supremacy

what do online hate groups target others based off of

race, religion, sexuality, gender + gender identity

What is the manosphere?

Nagel “while feminism has thrived online, so too has anti-feminist masculine politics.

Online subcultures dedicated to anti feminism politics, misogny, and toxic forms of masculinity

Name some groups that are in the manosphere

Men’s rights movement

Men going their own way

proud boys

pick up artists

incels

ect.

What are some shared characteristics of the manosphere’s groups

A social-darwinist view toward gender + gender relations

sense of entitlement about what they are owed as MEN

a feeling of loss about status of men

a sense of disdain or outright hatred of women

What is an incel?

a portmanteau for “involuntary celibates” , a person who desire sex but is unable to attain it

When and where was the term ‘incels’ coined?

sometime in the 1990s by a university student named Alana, “alanas involuntary celibate project” was a website for people to share their experience of sexual inactivity, was originally an inclusive project. Eventually used by a group of men online who were upset at their inability to have sex or otherwise have a romantic relationship

What does being red pilled as an incel mean?

matrix term, becoming completely aware of the true nature of gender realtions

Black pilled?

downright suicidle thoughts because of being an incel

who was Eliot Rodgers?

2014, incel named eliot rodgers killed six poeple and injured 14 in isla, california. after killing three men in his apartment, he drove to a sorority house and shot 3 women (two died). he drove rechlessly and shot pedestrians and hitting some with car. He posted a video to youtube called “Elliot Rodgers Retribution”. Explicitly stated that he wanted to hit men or women bcause they sexually rejected him and sexually active men because he was jealous. referred to himself as the supreme gentleman.

Trolling?

disruptive and annoying speach, flaming is personal attacks (racial slurs)

Who was Andrew Aurenheimer?

Went by weev online, most infamous troll, founder of “gay ni… association of america”, named after danish film, created a security firm called “goatsy security” wound up getting arrested for a Tmobile “hack”, was radicalized while in prison and came out a white supremecists who sent thousands of white propoganda to printers, and also operated as webmaster for “the daily stormer”

Policing Institutiion?

law enforcement

Private Organization?

Cybersecurity firms

What are some issues tthat law enforcement face when policing cybercrime cases?

• police cannot enforce laws that dont exists

• police struggle to deal with the raw colume of digital evidence involved in cybercrime cases

  • large networks, massive storage, many devices, backlog of evidence

Do larger or smallerpolices agencies have cybercrime units?

larger ones

What do resources and expertise look like for criminal investigations

• Very costly

• some departments aer unaware of where to find resoursces

• many police officers feel that they are not properly equiped

What are some trainning programs that address the lack of expertise

• law enforcement cybercenter

• national computer forensics

How can police subculture impact cybercrime investigations

polive officers tend to value street crime convictions more highly, or crimes that incite social anxieties to gain public legitimacy. unless the case CSEM cases are involved, cybercrime cases are not seen as sexy

What are the hierarchy of standing?

how police prioritize their tasks

• influenced by victim characteristics

• tend to prioritize cases against women and children

What is secondary Trauma? (Vicarious Victimization)

Occurs when a person experiences psychological and emotional trauma after working with a victim or an otherwise traumatized individual. Can result in PTSD, depression, anxiety, reduced work. Officers may cope through substanance abuse, humor, emotional detachment. Agencies provide support for officers who need mental heath services

What is the structure of Cybercrime units in the U.S?

Most are in larger departments, 73 percent of departments serving 100k or more residents had cybercrime personnel, and 46% of departments had a specialized unit. On the other hand 18.9% of smaller departments had cybercrime personnel, and 2.8% had specialized units.

What is the civilianization of policing

• civilian workers are called on for cases

• sworn officers are less likely to be training on or interested in topic

What is the “low visibility” problem that cybercrime units face

Their roles are often not seen or understood by administrators, felllow officers, or the police

What is a task force?

Particular unit to target specific crime to target specific problem (DOJ 2021)

Allows investigative costs to be distributed

Helps investigations cross jurisdiction

Sharing of resources and expertise

What is the Internet Crimes Against Children (ICAC) Task Force Program

• Operated by the office of juvenile ustice and deliquency prevention

• one agency as home office

• affiliated agencies will assign one ore more incestigators to the task force

• provides trainin and help for using tools

  • currently 62 task forces across the US with over 5,400 law enforcement

What is the USSS Cyber Fraud Task Force Program

• Each USSS OFfice acts as a homebase for a given taskforce

• Brings in affiliated agencies and provides them with training and tools

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What is the FBI National Cyber Investigative Joint Task Force

• Kind of a black box

  • know that officers hae complained that the FBI basically requires that the agency relinquishes control of the offices to the task force

What is the Joint Ransomware Task Force (JRTF)?

Created under hte cyber incident reporting for critical infrastructure act of 2022 (CIRCIA)

Chaired by Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) and FBI

Describe the Cybercrime Investigative Process for CSEM cases

• Police recieve a ‘cybertip’ that ideally provides some evidence

• police mmust triage tips to determine which cases are most actionable

• a search warant may be served to an internet service provider

• investigator will gather more information abou tsuspect

• investigator may serve a physical search warrant and make an arrest

Describe the Cybercrime Investigative Process for Network Intrusion Cases

• Investigators seek to ascertain the vulnerabilities exploited by an offender

• less about the suspect identification and arrest is often successful

• investigators determine the extent of the harm done and try to identify insecurities and places of vulnerabilities

• harms are more often internally managed

Describe the Cybercrime Investigative Process for ‘Bust’ or ‘Sting’ operation

• Often require the cooperation of multiple departments

• Large beucratic hurdles in attempts to coordinate investigators

• tend to be headline grabbing due to resulting in multiple arrests

• requires a significant amount of time and resources

  • tend to prioritize heinous: like CSEM

What is the Electric Frontier Foundation (EFF)

Established in 1999

stands at the front of battles regarding online censorship

mounts legal challenges against attempts at censorship by both the U.S. government and large organizations

What is the Internet Watch Foundation (IFW)

initially founded to combat CSEM, later expanded to conver ilicit, non-child material and hate speach

• Operates hotline to report illegal content

• Produces a “Blacklist” of websites or pages it deems to contravene relavant UK laws that is used by many ISPs to block access to webpages or remove content alltogether

• Produces a hash list of illegal images to help identify and remove offending content

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What is online vigilantism?

politically motivated practives outside the state that are designed to punish or bring others to account in response to a percieed or actual dearth of instututional remedies.

• some try to help law enforcement (reddit and the boston marathon bombing)(perverted justice and 419 eaters)

  • Comes with significant downsides (mistaken identification, legitimacy may be a matter of perspective. one person’s harrassment campaign might be anothers vigilantism

What is the Responsibilization of Internet Service Providers?

Efforts made by countries to compel service providers to police users, remove offending content, block illegal activity

Not without contriversy, as this may not be an effective method, and instead leads to censorship and surveillance.

What is for-profit policing?

• Commmercial provisions of goods and services aimed at crime prevention, detection, and resolution.

  • Makes Cybersecurity a big business

What is neoliberalism?

Emphasis on reducing the power of state regulation and empowering teh private sector

marked by commodation and responsibilization, burden of crime control shifts from the state to non-state agencies and individuals

• folks are encouraged to protect themselves by becoming consumers of goods and services

• rather than citizens who have a right to protection from the state as a social contract

  • responsibility falls on the victim

What is the concept of “governnance”?

The government is not a centralized state apparatus, but a more heteradox, self-organizing network of actors situated withing market and civil societal, as well as quasi-government spheres

• externalizes responsibility to extra-government actors

  • but the government still has the power to steer such activities through formulating policy

Who was Michael Foucault?

wrote “Discipline and society”(1997)

articulates the concept of “panopticism”

Benthum- make a prison that will best deter people.

• For foucault, surveilance is a key mechanism in modern societies to discipline and control populations. Aim is to normalize discipline. Ultimately about training minds and bodies to conform to expectations about proper, decent, healthy, and productive behavior.

What does Gilles Deleze argue?

We are transitioning to a society of control

• surveilance is about who is or is not allowed in certain social spaces

  • now live in a society where we are always being watched, examined, judged

What is the difference between historical surveillance and internet surveilance?

Historical: visual monitorying of physical person

Internet: observes and collects the digital footprints that all online activities leave in their wake

What do internet surveillance technologies take advantage of?

The informate: people + experiences is data, which is turned into commercial use of data trails.

What are cookies? Brief history?

1996

• made by the developers of netscape navigator

• small files created when users visit a website

• records user’s activities at the site, stored on users computer

  • can be used to build a record of indvidual attacks

Why do companies collect user data?

• predict consumer behavior

• distribute targeted advertisement

• sway public opinion

  • conduct risk assessment

What are data brokers

Firms who specialize in curating datasets of information about individuals, often from a variety of sources, which can be sold or licensed to other companies (big data)

What was the growth of social media platforms made from?

Selling user data

What is the European’s Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)

Regulate use of personal info

ability to ask companies how data is being used

What does the US have in terms of data protection?

No general protection, but a patchwork of legislation

Many states include thier own data protection regulations

Which searches proliferated after 9/11 and the creation of the USA PATRIOT ACT

• records searches

• secret searches

• intelligence searches

• trap and trace searches

What did the USA PATRIOT ACT do to the Foriegn Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA)?

Expanded(1978) which originally allowed wiretaps and similar searches without probably cause wihile gathering foreign intelligence.

Under PATRIOT ACT, searches can be done domestically as long as one end of the communication with foreign person.

What was the Discontinued legislation in 2003 from privacy concerns?

“Total Information Awarness”

What is the “Carnivore” search system

• FBI operated email content search system(1997), later renamed to DSC 1000, expanded to “DSC 3000”, then replaced by commercial software in the 2000s

What is the ECHELON project"?

• program government has long denied existing (1970)

• Satelite interception stations, microwave ground stations, spy satelites, radio listening posts, secret facilities that tap into land-based telecommunication networks

• Monitor capacity thought to give the project the ability to examine many telephone, fax, email transmissions around the world.

• European parliment noted system was being used for economic espionage

Who was the NSA employee who leaked the details of a massive surveillance apparatus operated by the U.S. Government?

Edward Snowden

What was the program Edward Snowden Leaked?

PRISM (planning tool for resource integration, synchroziation, management)

XKeyscone

Why would a company refuse handing over data to a government organization

They want to keep trust with consumers

What is the inability to overcome criminal encryption called?

The “going dark” problem

What was “Key Escrow” (1980s)

backdoor for the NSA for encryption

What is the privacy paradox?

While many people favor privacy, many surrender privacy through casual internet use

What is Privacy fatigue?

There is no effective mean of managing personal info