chaoter 4

In a system that includes a ball and ramp, when would potential energy be the greatest?

When the ball is at rest at the top of the ramp

In a hypothetical A+B→C+D, what are the reactants?

A and B

Which kind of reaction releases energy?

Exergonic reaction

Most enzymes are which kind of molecule?

Protein

A kinase moves which kind of functional molecule?

Phosphate

What is the definition of metabolism?

The total of all the chemical reactions in an organism

What are the products of glycolysis?

2 pyruvate, 2 ATP molecules, 2 NADH molecules

What is the most abundant energy-capturing molecule produced by the citric acid cycle?

NADH

During which process does mRNA bind to ribosomes, allowing a protein to be made?

Translation

A coenzyme that picks up high energy electrons and shuttles them to the electron transport chain

NAD+

A derivative of pyruvate combined with a coenzyme (required to begin the Krebs cycle)

Acetyl CoA

A series of enzymatic reactions occurring in the cytosol of a cell that begins the breakdown of glucose

Glycolysis

A series of enzymatic reactions occurring in the mitochondrion that begin with 2 carbon units

Citric acid cycle

A nucleotide containing 3 high-energy phosphate bonds that can provide energy to do work

ATP

The end product of anaerobic breakdown of glucose. A 3 Carbon unit

Pyruvate

Which statement best describes aerobic pathways?

Ones that require the input of oxygen

One pathway that produces ATP starts with glucose.when glucose enters, it’s broken down in steps, with ATP produced along the way. This is an example of which kind of reaction?

Catabolic

Which of the following best describes the role of NADH and FADH2 in the pathways involved with the aerobic production of ATP

Both of these carry high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain to produce ATP

How much ATP is produced in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle?

Both yield a small amount of ATP

You test a drug on a cell culture and you find that it destroys the mitochondria of the cell. Which processes would it be interfering with?

Citric Acid Cycle and Electron Transport Chain

According to the 2nd law of Thermodynamics…

Entropy increases in living systems without the input of energy

Activation energy is…

The energy required to bring molecules into a position where they can interact

Enzymes increase reaction rate by?

Lowering the activation energy

An enzyme that adds or subtracts water molecules is

Hydrolase

What makes a reduced molecule?

A gain of electrons

Aerobic production does what?

Require oxygen and yield more ATP than anaerobic pathways

Glycolysis occurs in ? And the citric acid cycle occurs in ?

Cytosol, Mitochondria

For each NADH molecule that moves through the ETC, how much ATP is potentially yielded?

2.5

What is the potential yield of ATP for every FADH2 that transports the ETC?

1.5

why is there a range of 30-32 ATP molecules produced from one glucose molecule?

The NADH molecules produced during glycolysis are in the cytoplasm; occasionally, electrons are carried by the lower energy FADH2 instead of NADH

The process of forming mRNA is called

Transcription

After forming a complex with the ribosomes, mRNA interacts with a 3rd molecule, what is it called?

tRNA

Transcription occurs in the ? of the cell

nucleus

The enzymes that synthesize mRNA from the DNA template are called?

RNA Polymerase

Match the specific enzyme to its class

1. oxidoreductase

2. hydrolase

3. transferase

4. ligase

5. lyase

Synthetase

Ligase

Match the specific enzyme to its class

1. oxidoreductase

2. hydrolase

3. transferase

4. ligase

5. lyase

Dehydratase

hydrolase

Match the specific enzyme to its class

1. oxidoreductase

2. hydrolase

3. transferase

4. ligase

5. lyase

Aminase

Oxidoreductase

What describes how much product is generated or substrate destroyed within a period of time?

Reaction rate

A molecule of what consists of all the codons needed to produce a specific polypeptide chain at the ribosome

mRNA

RNA is usually what strand?

Single

What contains the coding sequence of the gene?

exons

What portion of the mRNA contains the coding sequence of the gene?

exon

An exergonic chemical reaction…?

releases energy as the reaction progresses

Inside the matrix of mitochondria, pyruvate…

requires the vitamin, pantothenic acid for its conversion to acetyl CoA

NADH is NOT produced from which reaction?

anaerobic glycolysis

What is the result of alternative splicing of mRNA?

Isozymes may be produced from a single gene

Transcript of the DNA triplet sequence ATC yields

UAG

mRNA sequence CAU will bind to what tRNA sequence?

GUA

What does the template DNA strand do?

serves as a guide for mRNA synthesis