Lipids and Carbs

Understand why in detail lipids do not dissolve in water

lipids are nonpolar so they can’t form hydrogen bonds with water; electrons are shared equally so there’s no part where they’re shared unequally

Triglycerides

glycerol and 3 fatty acids; store unused calories and provide your body with energy; saturated or unsaturated; store energy and insulate and cushion

Saturated fatty acids

all single bonds which makes it straight and solid at room temp

Unsaturated fatty acids

one or more double bonds which causes kinks and prevents them from stacking and is liquid at room temperature

Phospholipids

glycerol unit, phosphate group, 2 fatty acid chains, and nitrogen group; act as a barrier to protect the cell (cell membrane)

Steroids

4 fused hydrocarbon ring; most common is cholesterol

Cholesterol

building blocks of bile and hormones, helps make cell membrane, and vitamin D production; must be packaged into lipoproteins to be transported to cells; made from liver and diet; packaged into LDL and HDL

Chylomicrons

triglyceride-rich lipoproteins released from the small intestine; after being broken down by LPL, the excess is sent to the liver and repackaged into VLDL

very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL)

made of cholesterol, triglycerides, and proteins; after being broken down by LPL it becomes LDL

low-density lipoproteins (LDL)

delivers lipids to cells; excess is sent back to liver via HDL

high-density lipoproteins (HDL)

absorbs excess cholesterol and sends it back to the liver

Steps of fat transportation

Enter the small intestine, Fats are packaged into chylomicrons, Chylomicrons transport fat to cells for energy after being broken down by LPL into triglycerides and fatty acids, Leftover chylomicrons are sent to liver and broken down into VLDLS, VLDLs go back into blood, VLDLs are broken down by LPL into LDL, LDL delivers lipids to cells, Excess LDL is recycled back into the liver through HDL

two ways hyperlipidemia can occur and the major health consequences associated with these

Releasing too many chylomicrons from SI (acute pancreatitis) or you’re not recycling it back to the liver (clogged arteries)

Explain how hypolipidemia occurs and what is the major health consequence associated with this

SI isn’t properly packaging into chylomicrons; Low levels of chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, cholesterol, & triglyceride; no vitamin D production, no cell membranes, low bile and hormone production, Malabsorption of fat in the small intestine, lipid accumulation; MAIN IS MALNUTRITION

Monosaccharides

Carb made of one unit of sugar; building blocks of all carbs; C:H:O 1:2:1; provide energy for cells; glucose is the most abundant; hydroxyl always present 

Disaccharides

carbohydrate made of 2 units of sugar joined by glycosidic bond; act as an energy source

Polysaccharides

made of many unit sugars; stores energy and cell structure; animals store energy in glycogen, plants in starch

Glycogen

highly branched chains; found in animals; stored form of glucose that's made up of many connected glucose molecules

Amylose

simple unbranched polysaccharide (starch)

Amylopectin

complex branched polysaccharide (starch)

Cellulose

organisms can’t break cellulose bonds (bc body doesn’t recognize it) but can gain fiber; Found in plant walls; give cell walls structure

Type 1 diabetes

Blood glucose gets too high because the body doesn’t make enough insulin; your immune system attacks the beta cells that make the insulin; Cells are starved for energy; can cause kidney failure because you have dehydration, excess glucose can damage your nerves, atherosclerosis; can cause diabetic ketoacidosis

Type 2 diabetes

Insulin is made but the body doesn’t respond to it because the receptors are mutated (lock and key don’t match up); drives the pancreas to make more insulin; causes Dehydration and beta cells eventually die because they’re overworked

Ketone bodies

byproduct of using fats for energy; increases blood acidity; major source of energy for the brain; used when glucose is not readily available; produced in the liver

Hyperglycemia

high blood sugar; the body has too little insulin or when the body can't use insulin properly; can cause permanent nerve damage and kidney failure as well as atherosclerosis due to build up in the arteries

What type of bond forms during dehydration synthesis between the carboxyl group of the fatty acid and the hydroxyl group of the glycerol molecule?

ester bond