Chapter+4+PowerPoint.pptx

What is cytology?

The study of cells.

What is microscopy?

The use of a microscope to view small-scale structures.

What is the difference between light microscope (LM) and electron microscope (EM)?

LM produces 2-D images using light, while EM uses a beam of electrons for greater magnification and resolution.

What are the two types of electron microscopes?

Transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM).

What is the plasma membrane?

The outer barrier of a cell that separates internal contents from the external environment.

What are the main components of the cytoplasm?

Cytosol, organelles, and inclusions.

What are organelles?

Complex, organized structures within cells with unique shapes and functions.

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

Modification, packaging, and sorting of proteins.

What is the purpose of lysosomes?

Digest unneeded substances and break down contents of endocytosed vesicles.

What is facilitated diffusion?

Transport process for small charged or polar solutes requiring assistance from membrane proteins.

What is osmosis?

Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane.

What are the three types of endocytosis?

Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis.

What is primary active transport?

Movement of a solute against its concentration gradient, using energy directly from ATP breakdown.

What is the function of ribosomes?

Protein synthesis for export, plasma membrane incorporation, or lysosomal enzymes.

What is the role of chloroplasts in cells?

Chloroplasts are not mentioned in the provided notes, focus instead on mitochondria for energy production.

What occurs during mitosis?

The division of a cell's nucleus resulting in two daughter nuclei.

What is the role of the cytoskeleton?

Provides structural support and organization within a cell.

Define resting membrane potential (RMP).

The electrical charge difference across the plasma membrane essential for muscle and nerve cell function.

What is the role of the sodium-potassium pump?

Maintains concentration gradients of sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane.

What forms can transport proteins take?

Integral and peripheral proteins.

How do lipids contribute to the plasma membrane structure?

Form a bilayer with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, creating a selective barrier.

Describe the function of glycolipids in the plasma membrane.

Helps form the glycocalyx and plays a role in cell recognition.

What is the main difference between hypotonic and hypertonic solutions?

Hypotonic solutions have a lower concentration of solutes compared to the cytosol, while hypertonic solutions have a higher concentration.

What is the role of aquaporins?

Facilitate the movement of water through the plasma membrane.

What happens to a cell in an isotonic solution?

There is no net movement of water; the cell maintains its normal shape.

Explain the process of receptor-mediated endocytosis.

A process where receptors on the plasma membrane bind molecules in the interstitial fluid and bring them into the cell.

What is the endomembrane system?

A system that includes organelles like the ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vesicles that are interconnected.

What is the function of microvilli?

Increase the surface area of the cell.

Define tonicity.

Ability of a solution to change the volume or pressure of a cell by osmosis.

What is the function of centrosomes in a cell?

Organize microtubules in the cytoskeleton and assist in cell division.

What is the relationship between DNA and chromatin?

Chromatin is the form of DNA in the nucleus, wrapping around histones.

What is transcription?

The process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template.

What is the genetic code?

The collection of codons in mRNA that translate into specific amino acids.

What happens during translation?

Ribosomes synthesis polypeptides from mRNA templates.