Cytology Review

These flashcards cover key concepts in cell biology including the structure and function of various cell types, cellular components, and cellular processes.

Cytology

The study of cells.

Squamous cells

Flat and thin cells, common in epithelial tissues.

Cuboidal cells

Cube-shaped cells with relatively equal lengths on all sides.

Columnar cells

Tall and relatively thin cells.

Cell membrane

The protective barrier that surrounds the cell, also known as the plasma membrane.

Cytoplasm

The material within the cell membrane, excluding the nucleus.

Cytosol

The fluid component of the cytoplasm.

Organelles

Small structures within the cell that perform specific functions.

Phospholipid bilayer

A double layer of phospholipids that makes up the cell membrane.

Amphiphilic

Molecules that have both hydrophilic (water-attracting) and hydrophobic (water-repelling) parts.

Semi-permeable membrane

A membrane that allows certain substances to pass while blocking others.

Integral proteins

Proteins that are embedded in the cell membrane and span its entire width.

Peripheral proteins

Proteins that are attached to the outside or inside surfaces of the membrane.

Receptor proteins

Proteins that receive and bind neurotransmitters and hormones.

Channel proteins

Proteins that allow specific molecules or ions to pass through the membrane.

Carrier proteins

Proteins that assist in transporting substances across the cell membrane.

Endocytosis

The process of transporting substances into the cell via vesicles.

Exocytosis

The process of transporting substances out of the cell via vesicles.

Nucleus

The control center of the cell, containing DNA.

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A network of membranes involved in protein and lipid synthesis.

Rough ER

ER that has ribosomes on its surface and is involved in protein synthesis.

Smooth ER

ER without ribosomes, involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.

Ribosomes

Cellular structures that read genetic information and synthesize proteins.

Golgi complex

An organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion.

Lysosomes

Organelles that contain digestive enzymes to break down waste materials.

Peroxisomes

Organelles that detoxify harmful substances, including hydrogen peroxide.

Mitochondria

Organelles known as the powerhouse of the cell, responsible for ATP production.

Centrioles

Organelles involved in cell division and organization of microtubules.