Vaccination

Innate Immunity

First line of defense, no memory or specificity.

Adaptive Immunity

Acquired immunity with memory after exposure.

Humoral Immunity

Involves antibodies produced by B cells.

Cell Mediated Immunity

Involves Tc cells targeting infected cells.

T Helper Cells

Direct immune response type; Th1 and Th2.

Th1 Cells

Promote cell-mediated immune responses.

Th2 Cells

Promote humoral immune responses.

Variolation

Early vaccination method using smallpox scabs.

Edward Jenner

Pioneer of vaccination using cowpox.

Pasteur's Experiment

Demonstrated principles of vaccination with P. multocida.

Attenuated Organism

Weakened form of pathogen used in vaccines.

Passive Immunity

Immediate protection via transferred antibodies.

Active Immunity

Long-term immunity from exposure to antigens.

Colostral Antibodies

Antibodies transferred from mother to offspring.

Antibody Titre

Measurement of antibody concentration in serum.

Antiserum

Serum containing antibodies from immunized animals.

Serum Sickness

Type III hypersensitivity reaction from passive immunization.

Clostridium tetani

Bacteria for which horses are immunized for antitoxin.

Heterologous Species

Different species receiving antibodies may react poorly.

Maternal Antibodies

Can interfere with active immune responses in young.

Pulpy Kidney Vaccine

Should not be given to lambs under 6-8 weeks.

Anaphylaxis

Severe allergic reaction potentially from repeated antibodies.

Passive Immunity

Short-term immunity acquired from another source.

Active Immunity

Long-lasting immunity developed by immune response.

Antigen Administration

Introducing an antigen to stimulate immune response.

Secondary Response

Immune response triggered by re-exposure to antigen.

Prolonged Protection

Long-lasting immunity from repeated antigen exposure.

APC Activation

Antigen-presenting cells stimulate immune response.

Cytokines

Signaling proteins that mediate immune responses.

T and B Cells

Lymphocytes involved in adaptive immunity.

T Helper Cells

Cells that assist in activating other immune cells.

MHC Class II Polymorphism

Genetic variation affecting antigen presentation.

Lymphoid Tissue

Organs where immune cells are activated.

Vaccine Safety

Requirement for vaccines to avoid adverse effects.

Clonal Selection

Process of selecting specific B-lymphocytes.

Plasma Cells

B cells that produce antibodies.

Memory Cells

Long-lived B cells that remember past infections.

Serum Antibody Titre

Concentration of antibodies in serum over time.

Anamnestic Response

Rapid antibody response upon re-exposure to antigen.

Neutralisation

Antibodies preventing virus entry into cells.

Virolysis

Destruction of viruses by antibodies in blood.

Phagocytosis

Process of engulfing pathogens by immune cells.

Adjuvants

Substances enhancing immune response to vaccines.

Live Vaccines

Vaccines containing weakened pathogens that replicate.

Inactivated Vaccines

Vaccines made from killed pathogens.

Genetic Engineering

Using DNA technology to create new vaccines.

Genetically Engineered Vaccines

Vaccines made from nucleic acids for immune response.

Subunit Vaccine

Contains isolated antigens mixed with adjuvant.

Recombinant Antigens

Antigens produced through genetic engineering techniques.

Alum

Adjuvant enhancing TH2 responses and antibody production.

Genetic Attenuation

Method to weaken pathogens by gene mutation.

Thymidine Kinase (TK)

Gene essential for herpesvirus replication in neurons.

Live Recombinant Organisms

Non-pathogenic organisms used to deliver antigens.

Rabies Vaccine

Contains rabies G protein inserted into vaccinia.

Nucleic Acid Vaccines

Vaccines using purified DNA for specific antigens.

Efficacy of Vaccines

Immune response does not guarantee protection.

Herd Immunity

Population immunity reducing infection spread.

Herd Immunity Threshold

Formula: (R0 - 1)/R0 for immunity proportion.

Reproduction Number (R0)

Average secondary infections from one infected individual.

TH1 Response

Cell-mediated immune response promoted by DNA vaccines.

Adjuvants

Substances enhancing immune responses in vaccines.

Gaston Ramon

Pioneered adjuvant use in vaccine formulations.

Alexander Glenny

Demonstrated effects of alum on immune responses.

Bovine Viral Diarrhoea

Target of experimental nucleic acid vaccines.

Feline Immunodeficiency Virus

Target of experimental nucleic acid vaccines.

Canine Rabies

Target of experimental nucleic acid vaccines.

Infection Transmission

Spread of disease within a population.

Susceptible Population

Individuals at risk of infection without immunity.