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What did revolutionaries of the 18th century and 19th centuries seek to do?
They wanted to establish an equitable society, where there is an equal government that’s responsive to the needs and interests of “the people”. The solution were revolutions to take out old government/ social systems of power and bring in new ones.
Original Revolution =
The original revolution was the English Glorious Revolution, which created a constitutional monarchy.
What did revolutionaries attack? What did they argue?
They attacked the monarchy and aristocratic rulers. They argued for there to be a new government based on popular sovereignty (no monarchy and constitutions, which are laws that govern the state, and free elections).
What was by far the most common form of government for agricultural societies?
The most common form was a monarchy. It’s a form of government based on absolute rule, where one person, either the king, queen, emperor, or empress rules.
How did kings and emperors justify their political supremacy and the authority to rule?
They used the theory of “Divine Right,” which says that they have a God given right to rule. Europeans called it “Divine Right of Kings,” Asians called it “Mandate of Heaven.” This caused kings and emperors to gain political authority and political supremacy.
During the 17th and 18th centuries, who began to question long standing notions of soveriegnty?
Enlightenment “philosophes” aka philosophers didn’t challenge the monarchy. Their goal was to hold monarchs responsible for “the people?
Who is John Locke and why is he important?
John Locke was an Enlightenment philosophe from England. He’s important because he wanted the government to form a contract between monarchs and subject peoples. He also published the Second Treatise of Civil Government in 1690 CE, in which he argued that people were born with natural rights of life, liberty, and property, and that monarchs violated those natural rights and it was the peoples’ right to overthrow the monarchy and seek a new government that upholds
Who is Voltaire and why is he important?
He was an Enlightenment philosphe from France. He’s important because he was a proponent of civil librities such as the freedom of speech and religion.
Who is John - Jaques Rousseau and why is he important?
He was an Enlightenment philosphe from France. He’s important because he believed in political equality. IN the Social Contract, published in 1762 CE, Rousseau argued that people had the right to participate directly in the government by voting.
Did Enlightenment philosophes want true freedom and equality for all? Why?
Enlightenment philosophes were mostly white people, so they wanted specifically white people to have freedom and equality, often excluding women and POC.
What did Enlightenment thought challenge? How did revolutionary leaders in Europe and the Americas use Enlightenment ideas?
Enlightenment thought challenged traditional authority, including the monarchy and the Church. Revolutionary leaders used these ideas to justify revolutionary wars for: democracy, individual rights, and the separation of powers in government.
What were some of the effects of the Enlightenment?
The American Revolution, French Revolution, and wars of independence.
What was the first major world revolution?
The American Revolution
French History So Far=
The Rise of regional states in decentralized Europe and the emergence of powerful. absolute monarchies such as King Louis XIV(sun king) and Louis XVI(executed bloke)
What did the French Revolution draw inspiration from?
They drew from Enlightement political thought of Locke, Rousseau, and Voltaire—natural rights, participation in goverment, and civil liberties.
What is the ancien régime and what did French revolutionaries want to do with it?
The ancien regime was the old French order which was sought abolishment by the French revolutionaries who aimed to establish a new social and political structure by enlightenment ideals.
What economic problems did France face in the 1780s C.E.?
France faced economic problems due to their war debt from the American Revolution: 80% of goverment revenue paid to taxes
Who is King Louis XVI? What was his solution to France’s financial porblems?
King Louix XIV was absolute monarch of France who wanted to increase taxes on the French nobility(a shocker as opposed to taxing the overtaxed peasants)
What was French social stucture like in the ancien regime?
King+family, Clergy(First Estate: 1% of population and paid no taxes), nobility(Second Estate: 2% of population and paid no taxes), and the Third Estate (97% of the population, which included peasants, workers, and the bourgeoisie who paid heavy taxes).
How did French nobility react to King Louis XVI solution to France’s fiscal difficulties?
They protested the imposed taxes and forced the king to call the Estates general meeting(wuss)
What is the estates general? When was it founded and when was the last time a meeting was held?
The Estates general was a political assembly founded in 1303 C.E. and last met in 1814. It passed laws and with one vote per estate(commoner, clergy, and nobility)
What did King Louis XIV do in May 1789 C.E.? Was it successful?
King Louis XVI calls the Estates general meeting in 1789 to authorize his proposed taxes, which was prevented by the 1st and 2nd estates.
What happened on June 17, 1789?
The 3rd estate separates from the estates general to form the National Assembly, with some sympathists from the 1st and 2nd, and establishes themselves as the unofficial governing body of France in an indoor tennis court as they took the “Tennis Court Oath”.
What happened on July 14, 1789 C.E.?
French people feared retribution from the French government(the Great Fear), so conducted the storming of the Bastille(a prison) for guns to protect themselves.
What is the Declaration of Rights of Man and the Citizens?
It was a National assembly Program that refounded political and social works and established soverignity
What did the National Assembly do between 1789 and 1791 C.E.?
Reorganized French society and abdicated from the three estates, establishing a constitutional monarchy and legislative assembly.
What are the phrases of the French Revolution?
Estates General to national assembly(Tennis Court Oath, Storming of the Bastille, and Great Fear) to French Revolution to 1791 Constitution.
What Enlightenment ideals inspired revolutionary movements in the Caribbean and Latin America?
Enlightenment ideals such as freedom, equality, and popular sovereignty inspired revolutionary movements such as American and French Revolution.
What was the island of HIspanoilia like economically by the mid-nineteenth century?
It was sugar cane and cash crop plantation which depended heavily on slave labor
What was produced by Saint Dominique? Was Saint Dominique important economically for France? Why?
Their sugar, coffee, and cotton exports accounted for a third of france’s foreign trade
What three major groups make up the population of Saint Dominique?
White colonists numbered by 40,000, people of color(Africans, mulattos—Europeans and Africans)numbered 8000 and slaves numbered 500,000
What were caudillos like for slaves in Saint Dominque?
They had brutal agricultural labor and had conflict with their owners leading to high morality rates
Why did plantation owners live in constant fear of slave rebellion in Saint Dominique?
Slaves heavily outnumbered their owners
How did the American Revolution influence revolution in Saint Dominique?
It gave colored people the taste of fighting for freedom(as they fought in the American Revolution), which they tried to apply to their homes to reform society
How did the French Revolution influence revolution in Saint Dominique?
It inspired white settlers to govern themselves while they refused to grand people of color political and legal freedom(equality) leading to a civil war between gen de cuelor and white settlers
Who is Boukman and why is he important? What happen in August 1791 C.E.?
He was a Vodon priest who organized a slave rebellion in 1791 with 12,000 slaves to kill white settlers. He burnt homes and destroyed plantations
Who governed the Iberian Colonies?
They were governed peninsulares(European born spainyard) and measured a 30,000 to the 3.5 million they ruled
What grievances did Criollo have in the Iberian Colonies?
The domination of peninsulares in goverment and sent away all their money in taxes
What political change did the Criollos want?
They wanted to be on top of the social heirarchy
Who is Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla and why is he important?
He was a catholic priest who wanted equal leadership of Latin America, launching a slave revolt with indigenous people and Mezizos alongside Napoleon’s invasion into Spain and Portugal resulting in the weakening of Iberian authority in latin america
What did conservative Criollas do to Hidalgo?
They killed him because he fought for equality(and in the name of Virgin Gaudlope), and not just replacing the leaders with other leaders
Who was Agustín de Iturbide and why is he important?
He was a Criollo general of Mexico who declared Mexican independence from Spain with his large army and named himself emperor
What happened to Interbide in 1823 C.E.?
He was disposed of by the Criollos who assisted him and established a republic with popular sovereignty while abolishing the monarchy
What is the Central American Confederation? What happened to it in 1838 C.E.?
The Central American Confederation was formed after the south regus of Mexico declared independence from the Mexico Republic. It split in 1838 into 5 different states
Who is Simon Bolivar and why is he important?
He was a South American Creole elite and Venezuela general who assembled a army to give independence throughout Columbia, Venezuela, and Peru
Who is Jose de San Martin? Who is Bernando o’Higgins?
Jose de San Martin was criollo elite alongside Who is Bernando o’Higgins who assisted Sumon Bolivar in the gaining of Latin American independence
How did Brazil gain its independence for Portugal? What kind of government did Brazil establish?
Brazil gained independence from Portugal due to the regent giving in to Criollo demands to become independent from his father’s rule, establishing a monarchy
After gaining independence, who dominated the newly founded Latin American nations?
They had criollos dominate Latin America politically with semi-independent states and criollo military leaders with continuities of slavery, strength and wealth of the roman catholic church, and lack of political power in Indigenous peoples and meziztos
What is a ideology?
It is a way of thinking—Conservatism and Liberalism were ways of thinking about human nature and society.
What caused the rise of the modern ideology of conservatism?
It was political and social theorists and from revolutions of the American and French
How did Conservatives view society?
They viewed it as a unchanging institution that could slowly change over time(disliking revolutions and founded Edmund Burke.
How did Edmund Burke feel feel about the American Revolution and the French Revolution?
American Revolution was good because it was slow and gradual while the French was bad as it was too radical with no forethought
How did Liberals view society?
They viewed society as a changing identity that has rights for the people such as popular sovereignty, the right to vote, and equality
How did Liberals view conservatives?
They believed that conservatives wanted to hoard the privileges for the elite of the social class and actively avoid fixing injustices/inequality.
By the nineteenth century, what did Liberals believe was the role of goverments?
To minimize problems of society and fix societal problems.
What did the causes of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic era inspire?
The ideology of nationalism: Loyalty/Devotion to a nation
This was because the French citizens actively defended France against foreign enemies while the Napoleonic wars united everybody to fight against France—making the people feel like members of the national community
Throughout the sixteenth century, European nationalist leaders sought to do what?
Build national identities and motivate citizens to work in the interest of the national community(because it directly benefits them)
This created unity of those in a group and division of other national groups
What is one effect of the growth of nationalism?
World War I.
