Ovarian Pathology & Infertility Study Guide

Vocabulary practice flashcards identifying key ovarian pathologies, ultrasound indicators, diagnostic criteria, and infertility treatments based on the lecture notes.

Normal Ovarian Echotexture

A homogeneous echotexture with a more echogenic central medulla and small anechoic follicles in the cortex.

Ovarian Volume Formula

$$L \times W \times H \times 0.523$$

Abnormal Ovarian Volume Ratio

An abnormality should be suspected if one ovary is $2 \times$ the volume of the other ovary.

Ovarian Hormones

The ovary produces the hormones estrogen and progesterone.

Normal Ovarian Resistive Index (RI)

Greater than $0.4$; a suspicious finding is an RI less than $0.4$.

Normal Ovarian Pulsatility Index (PI)

Greater than $1.0$; a suspicious finding is a PI less than $1.0$.

Functional Ovarian Cysts

The most common cause of ovarian enlargement; include follicular, corpus luteum, theca-lutein, and hemorrhagic cysts.

Corpus Luteum Cysts

Cysts commonly ranging from $2\,cm$ to $3\,cm$ that are prone to hemorrhage and rupture and may mimic an ectopic pregnancy.

Theca-lutein Cysts

The largest functional ovarian cysts, typically bilateral and multiloculated, resulting from overstimulation of hCG.

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)

An endocrine disorder associated with chronic anovulation, also known as Stein-Leventhal syndrome.

PCOS Sonographic Criteria

A "string of pearls" appearance with at least $12$ follicles measuring $2$ to $9\,mm$ and an ovarian volume greater than $10\,cc$.

Peritoneal Inclusion Cysts

Cysts that occur when adhesions trap peritoneal fluid.

Paraovarian Cysts

Masses accounting for $10\%$ of adnexal masses that arise from the broad ligament or adjacent structures and do not regress with menstrual changes.

Endometrioma

A localized ovarian endometriosis lesion commonly referred to as a chocolate cyst.

Ovarian Torsion

The rotation of the ovarian pedicle on its axis, considered a surgical emergency; typically presents as an enlarged edematous ovary greater than $4\,cm$.

Silent Killer

A term for ovarian carcinoma because symptoms are often absent in early stages.

Serous Cystadenocarcinoma

The most common epithelial ovarian malignancy.

CA-125

A marker elevated in approximately $80\%$ of epithelial ovarian cancers.

Ovarian Carcinoma Staging

Stage I is limited to the ovaries, while Stage IV indicates spread beyond the abdomen.

Serous Cystadenoma

The most common benign epithelial ovarian tumor.

Brenner Tumors

Epithelial tumors that arise from transitional cells.

Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma

An ovarian tumor with a $25\%$ association with endometriosis.

Mature Teratomas

The most common ovarian germ cell tumor, also known as dermoid tumors, which may show the "Tip of the Iceberg" sign.

Dysgerminomas

The ovarian counterpart of a testicular seminoma.

Struma Ovarii

A germ cell tumor containing mature thyroid tissue.

Thecoma

The most common hormonally functioning ovarian tumor.

Meigs Syndrome

A clinical triad consisting of a fibroma, ascites, and pleural effusion.

Granulosa Cell Tumors

Stromal tumors categorized as estrogen-producing tumors.

Sertoli-Leydig Tumors

Androgen-producing tumors also known as androblastomas.

Female Infertility Causes

Tubal disease accounts for approximately $25\%$ to $40\%$ of female infertility.

Fertility Thresholds (Endometrium)

Normal proliferative thickness is $8$ to $14\,mm$; thickness less than $8\,mm$ is associated with decreased fertility.

GIFT

Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer, where fertilization occurs in the fallopian tube.

IUI and FET

IUI stands for Intrauterine Insemination; FET stands for Frozen Embryo Transfer.

Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS)

A condition resulting in ovaries enlarged up to $10-20\,cm$, ascites, and pleural effusion, with complications including torsion and rupture.