Redox Titrations (chptr 15)

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Learning Objectives: (1) be able to explain conceptually what a redox reaction is, and (2) be able to complete calculations to determine the three regions of a redox titration curve.

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20 Terms

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Antioxidants are… ?

substances that neutralize free radicals, unstable molecules that can damage cells and cause disease.

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What are antioxidant assays?

Antioxidant assays are laboratory methods used to measure the ability of compounds to scavenge free radicals and prevent oxidative stress in biological systems.

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What do we need for quantitative redox reactions?

  1. a 1:1 molar equivalency —> STOICHIOMETRY

  2. a way to check if the reaction is proceeding as intended —> COLORIMETRY or ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL READING

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Potentiometry

the use of electrodes to measure voltages that provide chemical information

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Electrode

conducts electrons into or out of a chemical species in a redox reaction

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inert or counter electrode

an electrode that does not participate in the redox chemistry except as a conductor of electrons (i.e. Pt)

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indicator or working electrode

an electrode that responds to analyte

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reference electrode

and electrode that has a constant potential

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About indicator electrodes:

  • Two Broad Classes:

    1. Metal Electrodes

      • they develop an electric potential in response to a redox reaction at the metal surface (i.e. Pt (inert))

      • Pt is what’s most commonly used

      • Purpose = to transmit electrons to or from species in solution

    2. Ion-Selective Electrodes

      • selective binding of one type of ion to a membrane generates an electric potential

      • DO NOT involve redox processes

<ul><li><p>Two Broad Classes:</p><ol><li><p>Metal Electrodes</p><ul><li><p>they develop an electric potential in response to a <em>redox reaction</em> at the metal surface (i.e. Pt (inert))</p></li><li><p>Pt is what’s most commonly used</p></li><li><p>Purpose = to transmit electrons to or from species in solution</p></li></ul></li><li><p>Ion-Selective Electrodes</p><ul><li><p>selective binding of one type of ion to a membrane generates an electric potential</p></li><li><p><strong><u>DO NOT</u></strong> involve redox processes</p></li></ul></li></ol></li></ul><p></p>
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The net driving force for a reaction is expressed by… ?

the Nernst Equation

The two terms include the driving force under standard conditions, Eo, and a term showing the dependence on reagent concentrations, or, really, activities

<p>the <strong>Nernst</strong> Equation</p><p>The two terms include the driving force under <u>standard</u> conditions, <strong>E<sup>o</sup></strong>, and a term showing the dependence on reagent concentrations, or, really, activities</p>
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Redox Titration

based on an oxidation-reduction reaction between analyte and titrantto determine the concentration of an unknown solution.

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What is the significance of the redox titration curve?

The redox titration curve is significant as it illustrates the relationship between the volume of titrant added and the potential of the solution, allowing for the determination of the endpoint of the titration, helping to identify the concentration of the analyte and providing insights into the redox behavior of the system.

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Many RedOx reactions are… ?

atom-transfer reactions

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Equivalence point is marked by… ?

a steep rise in voltage.

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The voltage at any point of a titration depends on… ?

the ratio of reactants

  • synmmetric redox titration curve when it’s a 1:1

  • asymmetric when it’s not 1:1

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Redox Indicator

a compound that changes color when it goes from its oxidized to its reduced state

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Gran Plot

uses data from well before the equivalence point (Veq) to locate Veq