Microanatomy labs 1-3 knowledge stuff

What are the characteristics of round cells?

Round

MOBILITY- They can move around through blood and tissue, some able to release substances that effect surrounding tissue

What are some examples of round cells?

White blood cells

How do you name cancers of round cells?

named specifically after offender- ex. mast cell tumor

OR by sticking -oma on end (ex. histiocytoma)

What are the characteristics of mesenchymal cells?

Oblong shape (like almond)

they help with strength and connection --> bone, cartilage (structure)

-creatine and maintain structural material, remove and remodel

How do you name cancers of mesenchymal cells?

"sarc"

osteosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, chondrosarcoma

What are the characteristics of epithelial cells?

-square with distinct borders.

-larger cells at base and then they get flatter and they keratinize

-used for production and protection (pancreas, liver)

What are some examples of epithelial cells?

cells of the skin and the GI tract

What are some special features of epithelial cells?

-barrier protection/watertight seal, production of non-structural materials (mucous, keratin) and enzymes. Basement membrane, tight junctions between cells

How do you name cancers of epithelial cells

"adeno" or "carc"

ex. hepatic adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, thyroid adenocarcinoma

What color is hematoxylin?

blue

hematoxylin stains _______________

nucleic acids (nuclei)

what color is Eosin?

pink

eosin stains __________________

cytoplasm/extracellular material

What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle?

-straight fibers

-nuclei on edge (peripheral nuclei)

-voluntary (except diaphragm)

-striated

What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle?

-branching fibers (disseminates stimulation)

-intercalated disks (way to get contraction from one fiber to next)

-straited

-involuntary

what are the characteristics of smooth muscle?

-almond shaped

-harder to see fibers

-no striation

-central nucleus

-involuntary

What does an osteoblast do?

creates extracellular material for a bony precursor, called osteoid

What does an osteoclast do?

removes/remodels osteoid. often large and multinucleate

found in lacunae when they chew to the edge

What is a osteocyte?

"bone cell"- cell within bone. small with minimal cytoplasm

How is bone formed?

when osteoblasts form bone, some of them get trapped in the osteoid and stay there, ready to repair bone

What is appositional ossification?

creates flat bones and expands long bones

-osteoblasts form bone on outside of surface

-osteoclasts remove bone from inside surface

What is endochondral ossificaton?

lengthens long bones.

growth plate = physis

where do long bones elongate?

in the physis

What are the steps of endochondral ossification?

1. physis has proliferating chondrocytes and cartilaginous matrix

2. chondrocytes hypertrophy (get bigger) and make more matrix

3. chondrocytes die and blood vessels invade into the lacunae

4. osteoid is laid down by osteoblasts on these cartilage cores

5. osteoclasts digest and help remodel the bony trabeculae (beams of osteoid)

What are the two main cell categories in the nervous system?

1. neurons

2. glial cells

What are the different types of glial cells?

1. astrocyte- supports the soma

2. microglia- resident macrophage population

3. oligodendrocyte- producer of myelin sheath

what is grey matter composed of?

neuron cell bodies

Where is grey matter found?

outside layer of brain, inside layer of spinal cord

what is white matter composed of?

axons (myelin sheath)

Where is white matter found?

inside layer of brain, outside layer of spinal cord

what does the BBB do?

limits things from crossing into the CNS from the blood. A breach of this can lead to inflammation and dysfunction

what is meant by simple epithelium?

single layer of cells- nuclei on same level

what is meant by stratified epithelium?

multiple layers of cells- layers of nuclei

What does simple squamous epithelium look like?

single layer of flat cells

What does simple cuboidal epithelium look like?

single layer of cube shaped cells

What does simple columnar epithelium look like?

single layer of column shaped cells

What does stratified squamous epithelium look like?

multiple layers of flat cells

What does stratified cuboidal epithelium look like?

multiple layers of cuboidal cells

What does stratified columnar epithelium look like?

multiple layers of column-shaped cells

What does transitional epithelium look like?

Multilayered epithelium with surface cells that change from round to flat when stretched (i.e. in the bladder)

What does pseudostratified epithelium look like?

it looks like multiple cells but it is really only one; usually ciliated (trachea)