Ap Bio Unit 1

Hydroxyl, -OH, polar, increases waters solubility, in carbohydrates

carbonyl, c=o, polar, in carbohydrates

ketone, type of carbonyl, carbonyl is within the carbon chain

aldehyde, type of carbonyl, carbonyl at the end of the carbon chain

carboxyl, COOH, sometimes donates H+ to become COO-, acidic, hydrophilic, found in amino and fatty acids

acid

molecule that donates H+ ion,

acidic

property that describes

amino, NH2, polar, basic and accepts H+ to be NH3, found in proteins

sulfhydryl, -SH, slightly polar, forms disulfide bonds that stabilize the 3D structure of proteins

phosphate, very polar, negative charge, found in ATP, DNA backbone, phospholipids,

methyl, nonpolar

base

removed H+ ions from solutions and gives a higher Ph

dehydration synthesis

when a chemical reaction releases a water molecule

hydrolysis

covalent bonds between atoms broken by water

isomer

same chemical formula, atoms arranged differently to give it a different structure

why are carbohydrates hydrophilic

the c chain (middle) is bonded to hydroxyl (polar) and carbonyl (polar)

glycosidic bonds

bond between monosaccharides to make complex carbs

why type of reaction joins glucose molecules together

dehydration synthesis

monomer of lipids

there isnt one, the only thing all lipids have in common is theyre hydrophobic

lipids

energy storage, form cell membrane, hydrophobic

triglycerol

glycerol + 3 fatty acids attached, make up saturated fat

glycerol

long chain of carbon with a carboxyl (COOH) group at its end

why are fatty acids (lipids) sometimes partially charged and what does this cause

electrons are constantly moving around so every now and again this creates a temporary charge on the molecule, causes van der waals interactions

van der waals interaction

weak interaction between temporarily charged molecules when they are very close

phospholipid

fat molecule with a hydrophilic head and 2 fatty acids tails

nucleotide

building block of DNA

what are the 4 nitrogen bases found in DNA

adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine

purine (name the 2)

2 ring nitrogen bases (guanine, adenine)

pyrimidines

single ring nitrogen base (cytosine, thymine)

what do all nucleic acids have

nitrogenous base, 5 carbon sugar, phosphate group