Neurotransmitters Across Sleep States

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9 Terms

1
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Acetylcholine (ACh)

Wake: Very high

NREM: Low

REM: Very high

Function: Cortical activation; REM generation; thalamic drive1

2
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Norepinephrine (LC)

Wake: Very high

NREM: Low

REM: 0.

Function: Alertness, vigilance; REM-off; memory modulation2.

3
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Serotonin (DRN)

Wake: Very high

NREM: Low

REM: 0.

Function: Mood; thermoregulation; REM-off3.

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Histamine (TMN)

Wake: Very high

NREM: Low

REM: 0.

Function: Arousal; attention; H3 auto-inhibit release4.

5
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Orexin/Hypocretin

Wake: Very high

NREM: Low

REM: Low

Function: Stabilizes wake; prevents cataplexy

6
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GABA (VLPO/RTN)

Wake: Low

NREM: Very high

REM: High

Function: Sleep promotion; spindles (RTN)6

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Dopamine (VTA)

Wake: High

NREM: Low

REM: High (phasic).

Function: Motivation in wake; REM phasic activity

8
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Adenosine

Wake: Accumulates,

NREM: Cleared,

REM: Cleared.

Function: Homeostatic sleep pressure; caffeine antagonist

9
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Melatonin

Wake: Evening rise,

NREM: Night high,

REM: Night high.

Function: Circadian phase signal; SCN modulation.