Unit 5 AP Psychology

automatic processing

processing that requires not much attention, uses mostly muscle memory, and people unconsciously process info

effortful processing

processing that requires attention and effort, used to process new info

selective attention

the ability to focus your conscious awareness on a particular stimulus while blocking out competing stimuli. An important concept of selective attention is the cocktail party effect

cocktail party effect

the ability to focus on a single speaker in a noisy environment

Divided Attention

the ability to focus on multiple stimuli simultaneously (multitasking)

deep processing

processing information with consideration to its meaning; creates stronger memories because it involves elaborative rehearsal, creating a more meaningful analysis.

shallow processing

not as involved as deep processing. It uses surface characteristics to process information

two types of shallow processing

Structural & Phonemic

Structural shallow processing

encoding information with the use of visual and physical characteristics 👀

Phonemic

encoding information using auditory characteristics👂

sensory memory

memory involving the five senses; the ability to retain information about the sensory information after the original stimulus has ended. It's retained just long enough to be recognized

short term memory

generally include quick observations, and are only stored for 10-30 second

working memory

a newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

long term memory

the memory process in the brain that takes information from the short-term memory store and creates long lasting memories

flashbulb memory

a clear memory of an emotionally significant event, but it can sometimes be inaccurately remembered

long term potentiation

the ability of brain cells to retain how frequently they send signals to other brain cells

explicit memory

the stored memory of facts. For example, explicit memory is knowing how many continents there are

semantic and episodic

two types of explicit memory

implicit memory

a type of long term memory. Implicit memory is memory that is remembered unconsciously (most common type = procedural memories)

procedural memories

the memory of how to do repetitive everyday tasks

semantic encoding

the memory of facts, ideas and concepts

episodic encoding

memories of personal experiences

Prospective Memory

remembering to perform an action at a certain time

Metacognition

the ability to control your own thoughts &/ the ability to be aware of your own thoughts

Visual Encoding

the process of remembering visual images. Visually encoded information is forgotten easily, therefore, it's the most shallow type of processing.

Acoustic Encoding

the processing and encoding of sound. It's deeper than visual encoding, but not as deep as semantic encoding. You could think of it as intermediate processing

Maintenance Rehearsal

process of repeatedly thinking about or verbalizing a certain piece of information

Elaborative Rehearsal

the process of using active thinking about the meaning of the term that needs to be remembered rather than just repeating the word/information over and over again

Self Reference Effect

The tendency to recall information best when it is put into a personal context

Priming

the activation of a memory by association. Hearing one stimulus leads to the activation of another

Iconic Memory

A short sensory memory of visual stimuli

Echoic Memory

A short sensory memory of auditory stimuli

overlearning

practice that is continued beyond the point at which the individual knows or performs the task as well as can be expected

serial position effect

how people tend to remember information in a list that is mentioned first or last. The information mentioned in the middle is more forgotten.

rehearsal

the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage

misinformation effect

a person's recall of an event is negatively impacted and becomes less accurate due to information after the event

constructive memory

remembering conceived as involving the use of general knowledge stored in one’s memory to construct a more complete and detailed account of an event or experience by changing or filling in various features of the memory

recall

the process of bringing information from stored memories into conscious awareness. When you remember things, you are “recalling” the memories

recognition

when you notice something you learned previously, rather than just simply recalling information

context effect

an aspect of cognitive psychology that describes the influence of environmental factors on one's perception of a stimulus

proactive interference

when it becomes harder to recall new information because of old information in the past

retroactive interference

when it becomes harder to recall old information because of learning new information

repression // motivated forgetting

the Freudian theory that humans can unconsciously put painful or uncomfortable thoughts and memories out of their minds and forget them

retrieval practice

the act of bringing information to mind from memory, rather than by absorbing information passively through your senses such as sight (e.g. rereading the information) or hearing (e.g. listening to an explanation or watching a video)

mnemonic device

rhymes, acronyms, mini

peg

word system

chunking

A memory trick that involves taking individual elements of a large list and grouping them together into elements with related meaning

Hierarchies

a way we organize stored info; starts with really broad information and then splits up into specific classes. Hierarchies help us retrieve information quickly and efficiently

Schemas

a concept or framework that helps individuals make sense of information (Because of this, you are more likely to believe the information that supports your belief and would ignore information that disagrees with your viewpoint.)

Hippocampus

The hippocampus is vital for long

cognitive abilities

thinking or mentally processing information such as concepts, language, and images

concept

a mental grouping of events, people, and similar things

prototype

a mental image or the best representative of a certain category

algorithm

a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem

heuristic

a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error

insight

a sudden & often new realization of the silutioni of a problem, such as suddenly seeing casual effect

mental set

a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, especially a way that has been successful in the past but may or may not be helpful in solving a new problem

fixation

only thinking from one point of view; the inability to approach a situation from different perspectives

functional fixedness

a tendency to only think of an object's most common use

confirmation bias

the tendency of individuals to support or search for information that aligns with their opinions and ignore information that doesn't

availability heuristic

the ability to easily recall immediate examples from the mind about something

overconfidence

the tendency to be more confident than correct and to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements

framing

the way that a problem is presented to someone, and it can drastically change that person's view or reaction to the problem

mental age (MA)

Based on the average level of performance for a particular chronological age, mental age represents a child's level of cognitive ability

intelligence quotient (IQ)

A standardized scale used to measure intellectual abilities

processing speed

attempts to measure how quickly your mind works

Fluid intelligence

the ability to reason & think flexibly (w/o prior knowledge) + tend to diminish with age

Crystallized intelligence

the accumulation of knowledge, facts, & skils that are acquired through life (+ tend to increase with age)

Flynn Effect

the trend that there is an increase in intelligence testing scores over time

Stereotype threat

a phenomenon that was discovered when researchers found that African

Savants/savnt syndorme

A condition in which someone shows exceptional ability in a single skill but limited general mental ability (might score low on IQ test but have high ability)

Bias in Testing

when two people from different demographic groups—who are equal in ability—earn different scores on a test because of their demographic group membership

Charles Spearman

psychologist; believed there was a general intelligence, or g factor that underlies the various clusters in factor analysis

General intelligence (g factor)

believed that itellegence is a general cognitive ability that can be measured and numerically epressed

factor analysis

A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlies one's total score (ppl who performed well on 1 cognitive test tend to perform well on other tests)

Howard Gardner

psychologist; theory of eight intelligences

Howard Gardner Theory of Multiple Intelligences

describes 8 distint types of intelligence based on skills & ability & proposed the numerical experisioons of human intelligence (ie. IQ) are not accurate & a full depictions of ppl's ability

Robert Sternberg

proposed theory of intelligence that suggests that there are 3 aspects to intelligence: componential (e.g., performance on tests), experiential (creativity) and contextual (street smarts/business sense).

Robert Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

componential (e.g., performance on tests), experiential (creativity) and contextual (street smarts/business sense).

Robert Sternberg's Theory of Intelligence suggests

some of Gardner's types of intelligence are better viewed as talents

Hermann Ebbinghaus

one of the psychologists most known for studying human memory; came up with something called the forgetting curve

the forgetting curve

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States that we forget the most information within the first 20 minutes, then an hour, then a day. The forgetting curve is exponential, just like the learning curve.

George A. Miller

psychologist; most famous discoveries was that human short-term memory is generally limited to holding seven pieces of information, plus or minus two

Wolfgang Köhler

Gestalt psychologist that first demonstrated insight through his chimpanzee experiments

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(studied chimps trying to get bananas that were out of reach--- monkey have insight & placing box to reach banana)

Elizabeth Loftus

psychologist; revealed that many memories could be planted or fabricated by using subtle ways to make people believe they remembered a particular event, such as suggesting, questioning, or making a person doubt themselves by claiming they may have repressed the memory of it

Francis Galton

psychologist; believed intelligence to be hereditary and based on the acuity of and quickness of our senses

Alfred Binet

French psychologist who pioneered the modern intelligence-testing movement which began assessing intellectual abilities (aka. the IQ test)

the Stanford-Binet IQ test

the modern intelligence-testing movement which began assessing intellectual abilities for children that is modified for the US by Lewis Terman to test the mentall age of children for IQ

Lewis Terman

published the individual intelligence test widely used in the United States, the Stanford-Binet test

Reliability

tendancy of a test to produce the same scored each time given to the same ppl

split-half

A measure of reliability in which a test is split into two parts and an individual's scores on both halves are compared

test-retest

administering a test twice at 2 different point of time, and if the scores are more similar, the test is more reliable

equivalent form reliability

involves testing the same individuals twice but giving a different version on the retake date

Validity

the degree in which a test actually measure what it's supposed to

face validity

refers to the degree to which an assessment or test subjectively appears to measure the variable or construct that it is supposed to measure

content validity

test measures all aspects of what it's designed to measure

criterion validity

A property exhibited by a test that accurately measures performance of the test taker against a specific learning goal

construct validity

the extent to which there is evidence that a test measures a particular hypothetical construct

predictive

test accurately forecasts performance on a future measure

standardization

the process of making the testing and scoring procedures uniform and objective