AP History Final

France

France

came to trade and settled in the Miss. River Valley and Canada

England

Came to make colonies and settled on the east coast

Spain

Came to find gold and spread Catholicism, settled in the South West - Florida

Jamestown

First permanent colony established by the English in 1609

The Virginia House of Burgesses

The first representative democracy - 1609 - in a representative democracy, people vote for representatives who then enact policies, we use this type of governance today.

The Mayflower Compact

The first direct democracy - 1620 - in a direct democratic society, the people decide on politics without a representative.

John Winthrop

He was the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and a prominent figure among the Puritan founders of New England. Winthrop was one of the best educated of the Puritan colonists, had great leadership skills and wisdom, and was known for being very religious.

The Massachusetts Bay Colony

The Massachusetts Bay Colony was founded by the Puritans, a religious group in England. They founded their colony to escape religious persecution and hoped to build a model religious community in the Americas. The productivity and quality of life in the colony were remarkable for the time. During this time, Winthrop envisioned a “shining city on a hill”–the Massachusetts Bay Colony–in which he would hope serve as a beacon of hope for the world

The Salem Witchcraft Trials

a series of hearings and prosecutions of people accused of witchcraft in colonial Massachusetts between February 1692 and May 1693. This all happened because the Church of England ruled the colonies and it was the government.

Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson

Religious dissidents who fled from Mass. Bay Colony in search for religious freedom and free dealings with the Native Americans

Bacons Rebellion

Late 1600s rebellion of indentured servants who revolt for more access to land in western Va.

French and Indian War

France looses control of the New World 1754-63, fought in the Ohio River Valley. One of the causes for the heavy taxation from the British later on.

Proclamation of 1763

No colonists can settle west of the Appalachian Mountains. British banned colonists from settling west of the Appalachian mountains–the territory acquired by the french–in return, infuriating the colonists; including George Washington.

Heavy Taxation by the British Begins

Due to the French and Indian War, the British were heavily in debt. Influencing them to tax the colonists.

The first tax imposed on the colonists

Sugar Act - It was the first revenue-raising measure. The British was hoping to pay of their national debt that was approaching 140,000,000 due to the Seven Years War.

The Stamp Act

Tax passed on March 22, 1765 to pay off national debt. It placed a tax on all legal documents.

The Townshend Acts

This tax placed an initiated tax on glass, lead, pain, paper and tea; basically all finished goods were taxed.

Boston Massacre

The first bloodshed of the American Revolution (1770), as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans

Boston Tea Party

The first bloodshed of the American Revolution (1770), as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans

Intolerable Acts

Series of punitive measures passed in retaliation for the Boston Tea Party, closing the Port of Boston, revoking a number of rights in the Massachusetts colonial charter, and expanding the Quartering Act to allow for the lodging of soldiers in private homes. In response, colonists convened the First Continental Congress and called for a complete boycott of British goods.

1st Continental Congress

On September 1774, delegates from 12 colonies gathered in Philadelphia. After debating, the delegates passed a resolution backing Mass. in its struggle. Decided to boycott all British goods and to stop exporting goods to Britain until the Intolerance Act was canceled.

2nd Continental Congress

Congress of American leaders which first met in 1775, declared independence in 1776, and helped lead the United States during the RevolutionCongress of American leaders which first met in 1775, declared independence in 1776, and helped lead the United States during the Revolution

1)Sent the "Olive Branch Petition" 2)Created a continental army with George Washington as the leader. 3)Agreed to write a formal letter declaring their independence from England.

Saratoga

Turning point in the revolutionary war. Decisive colonial victory in upstate New York, which helped secure French support for the Revolutionary cause. We win the revolutionary war in 1781

Articles of Confederation

1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)

Land Ordinance of 1785

A major success of the Articles of Confederation. Provided for the orderly surveying and distribution of land belonging to the U.S. It set up how states enter the union, and also outlawed slavery in the Ohio/Indiana/Illinois territory.

Shay’s Rebellion 1786

Rebellion led by Daniel Shays of farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out.

Federalists

Supporters of the U.S. Constitution at the time the states were contemplating its adoption. Strong Fed Govt., merchants, Hamilton, for National Bank

Anti-Federalists

Opponents of the American Constitution at the time when the states were contemplating its adoption. (Rep-Dem) Strong state govt., farmers, Jefferson.

Whiskey Rebellion

In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.

Constitution Convention

A meeting of 55 delegates from 12 colonies in Philadelphia in 1787 who created the U.S. constitution

Bacon’s Rebellion

1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness.

Sectionalism

Different parts of the country developing unique and separate cultures (as the North, South and West). This can lead to conflict.

Jay’s Treaty

Treaty signed in 1794 between the U.S. And Britain in which Britain sought to improve trade relations and agreed to withdraw from forts in the northwest territory Didn’t stop impressment, kept US out of war with France.

George Washington’s Farewell Address

Advised the United States to avoid "accumulating debt", forming political parties, and to stay "neutral in its relations with other nations".

Pinckney’s Treaty

This treaty between the U.S. and Spain which gave the U.S. the right to transport goods on the Mississippi River and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans

Alien and Sedition Acts

These consist of four laws passed by the Federalist Congress and signed by President Adams in 1798: the Naturalization Act, which increased the waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years; the Alien Act, which empowered the president to arrest and deport dangerous aliens; the Alien Enemy Act, which allowed for the arrest and deportation of citizens of countries at was with the US; and the Sedition Act, which made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government or its officials. The first 3 were enacted in response to the XYZ Affair, and were aimed at French and Irish immigrants, who were considered subversives. The Sedition Act was an attempt to stifle Democratic-Republican opposition, although only 25 people were ever arrested, and only 10 convicted, under the law. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which initiated the concept of "nullification" of federal laws were written in response to the Acts.

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.

Impressment

British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service

Tecumseh

A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Tecumseh was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames in 1813.

Before 1800s, the government made money from what?

Tariffs

Election of 1800

Election that led to a peaceful transfer of power from the Federalist Party to the Democratic-Republican Party. Jefferson won over Adams

Jefferson

Strict interpreter of the Constitution, although he bought the Louisiana purchase

Embargo Act of 1807

This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act. Hurt trade, especially in the North.

Tariff of Abominations

Tariff passed by Congress in 1828 that favored manufacturing in the North and was hated by the South

Transcendentalists

Followers of a belief which stressed self-reliance, self- culture, self-discipline, and that knowledge transcends instead of coming by reason. They promoted the belief of individualism and caused an array of humanitarian reforms.

Hudson River School of Art

Landscape painters, inspired by the earth's natural beauty; achieved fame by painting romantic landscapes.

Currier and Ives

These nineteenth-century American printmakers became famous for their pictures of trains, yachts, horses, and scenes of nature. Painted real life.

Emerson and Thoreau

Writers that inspired an American Renaissance in literature. They were transcendentalists that taught self-reliance

Missouri Compromise

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.

Trail of Tears

The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

Worcester vs. Georgia

it was ruled that Georgia had no right to interfere with the Cherokee only the federal government. The states have no right to interfere with tribes.

The Era of Good Feelings 1815-1825

A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.

Compromise of 1850

(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas

The Civil War (1861-1865)

deadliest war in American history; conflict between north (union) and south (confederacy); 11 southern slave states wanted to secede from Union

The Dred Scott Case

Supreme Court case that decided US Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in federal territories and slaves, as private property, could not be taken away without due process - basically slaves would remain slaves in non-slave states and slaves could not sue because they were not citizens

Kansas-Nebraska Act

1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.

54 40 or Fight!

In the election of 1844, Polk used this as a campaign slogan, implying that the he would declare war if Britain did not give the United States all the Oregon territory up to its northern boundary.

Morill Land Grant Act

1862 Provide states 30,000 acres for each member of Congress to support state agricultural colleges.

Webster-Hayne Debate

1830

*Debate in the Senate between Daniel Webster (MA) and Robert Hayne (SC) that focused on sectionalism and nullification

*Came after the "Tariff of Abominations" incident

*At issue was the source of constitutional authority: Was the Union derived from an agreement between states or from the people who had sought a guarantee of freedom?

*Webster stated, "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable" It argued states rights (Slavery)

John Brown Raid

In 1859, the militant abolitionist John Brown seized the U.S. arsenal at Harper's Ferry. He planned to end slavery by massacring slave owners and freeing their slaves. He was captured and executed. Caused the south to be more alarmed.

Homestead Act

1862 - Provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration.

“Know Nothings”

Anti-immigrant and Anti-Catholic

Horace Mann

Education

Dorothea Dix

Prison and Mental Health

Elizabeth Stanton and Lucretia Mott

Seneca Falls women’s rights convention

Gettysburg

turning point in the Civil War for the North because Confederate troops were forced to retreat and never invaded the North again.

Vicksburg

Grant's best fought campaign, this siege ended in the seizure of the Mississippi River by the Union. South lived in caves, and ate rights.

Civil Rights Act of 1866

Passed by Congress on 9th April 1866 over the veto of President Andrew Johnson. The act declared that all persons born in the United States were now citizens, without regard to race, color, or previous condition.

13th Amendment

Abolished Slavery

14th Amendment

Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws

15th Amendment

Black men can vote

Reconstruction

The period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union

The Compromise of 1877

the withdrawal of federal troops and abandonment of federal protection of black civil and voting rights in the South

Freedman’s Bureau

Set up to help freedmen and white refugees after Civil War. Provided food, clothing, medical care, and education. First to establish schools for blacks to learn to read as thousands of teachers from the north came south to help. Lasted from 1865-72. Attacked by KKK and other southerners as "carpetbaggers" Encouraged former plantation owners to rebuild their plantations, urged freed Blacks to gain employment, kept an eye on contracts between labor and management, etc

Transcontinental Railroad

Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west. Build by Chinese and Irish immigrants, former slaves and ex. Soldiers. Helped create new markets in the West and allowed raw materials to be transported back east,

16th Amendment

Income Tax

17th Amendment

Direct election of senators

18th Amendment

Prohibition

Volstead Act

Bill passed by Congress to enforce the language of the 18th Amendment. This bill made the manufacture and distribution of alcohol illegal within the borders of the United States.

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

Imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force. Social Darwinism justified imperialism as we thought to be better than the rest of the world and needed to show them our religion, culture, etc.

Spanish American War

During McKinley’s presidency. The war was a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence. In this war, the US also takes over Hawaii, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines.

Platt Amendment

Allowed the United States to intervene in Cuba and gave the United States control of the naval base at Guantanamo Bay.

Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force

Monroe Doctrine

A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.

Hay Market Square Riot

workers wanted better hours, someone threw a bomb, some workers wanted to spark a revolution. This riot destroyed the Knights of Labor: 1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Failed.

Pure Food and Drug Act

1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.

Niagara Movement

(1905) W.E.B. Du Bois and other young activists, who did not believe in accommodation, came together at Niagara Falls in 1905 to demand full black equality. Demanded that African Americans get right to vote in states where it had been taken away, segregation be abolished, and many discriminatory barriers be removed. Declared commitment for freedom of speech, brotherhood of all peoples, and respect for workingman

Ida Tarbell

Muckraker who wrote against Rockefeller

Uptown Sinclair

Wrote the Jungle to express the horrible conditions of the meat-packing industry while also showing poor people that Socialism is an escape for them.

Jacob Riis

Early 1900's muckraker who exposed social and political evils in the U.S. with his novel "How The Other Half Lives"; exposed the poor conditions of the poor tenements in NYC and Hell's Kitchen

Rockefeller

Captain of industry that created a monopoly in oil refineries. Horizontal Integration in which he bought out all the competition allowing him to create a monopoly.

J.P. Morgan

Banker who buys out Carnegie Steel and renames it to U.S. Steel. Was a philanthropist in a way; he gave all the money needed for WWI and was payed back. Was one of the "Robber barons"

Carnegie

A Scottish immigrant who made a fortune in steel and donated most of his profits. (Gospel of Wealth) Had Horizontal Integration in which he controlled all levels of production.

Vanderbilt

Captain of Industry in charge of railroad and steamship lines

Populists/Grange Party

people's party of the USA, farmer's alliances created it, party goals was to appeal for the common people, wanted to replace the gold standard, proposed free silver, wanted to limit the president and vice president to a single term, elect senators directly, and introduce the use of secret ballots, shorter work hours, national income tax.

Led by William Jennings Bryan. Against the monopolistic rail roads charging high rates.

Sherman Anti Trust Act

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

Clayton Anti-Trust Act

Anti monopoly law that specifically stated that unions could not be considered "combinations in restraint of trade" and therefore unions could not be prosecuted under anti-monopoly laws.

Pendleton Act

1883 law that created a Civil Service Commission and stated that federal employees could not be required to contribute to campaign funds nor be fired for political reasons

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

A policy that the Germans announced on January 1917 which stated that their submarines would sink any ship in the British waters