American Landscapes and memory Cartes | Quizlet

landscape

1. large area of land especially in relation to its appearance

2. to landscape is to make a garden, park or other area of land more attractive by adding different features, plants etc

3. large area of countryside

4. Mitchell: natural scene mediated by culture

wilderness

territory which hasn't been spoilt by humans

toxic sublime

it seems sublime and then we realise the toxic aspect behind the picture

Anthropocene

1. arrogant term humans as superspecies impacting landscapes

2. universalist: everyone equally affected and implicated

3. it is a system: capitalocene/ plasticene/ plantationcene

memory boom

obsession with the past

memory crisis

very few stories are left; focus on negative memory; fear of the future; mediated memory

Bull and Hansen's modes of remembering

antagonistic, cosmopolitan, agonistic

antagonistic mode

us vs them (group identity), passionate, not self-reflexive, monologic, manipulation

cosmopolitan mode

focus on the victims, suffering and trauma, transnational memory

agonistic mode

re-politicize, caises of conflicts, can be conflictual, passion, hybrid memory, role of art, listen to different voices

Mayflower

first ship to arrive in US in Plymouth

Cancer Alley

Louisiana's Chemical Corridor; most people there are slave descendents; unpacks the complex cultural, physical and economic ecologies

1600-1700

indigenous people rose up against white domination wars+ diseases, used by Europeans; conquest of the Western frontier

1830

Indian Removal Act to Indian territories; Trail of tears

1840-1850

westward expansion: buffalo herds destroyed, railroad companies

1934

Indian Reorganization Act (self-government)

genocide

killing all the members of a group, you kill mental health of a population, prevention of birth from tbis group

"The Revenant"

realistic movie about forests and attack in the forest; a guy needs to survive in the forest after being attacked by a bear; forest is not a hospitable place

"Braiding sweetgrass"

revisiting the relationship with trees; focuses on mosses; stories about trees; story of her grandfather; story of Pecan (trees unpredictable)

Declaration of Independence

1776, new nation, "Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness"

a Federal Nation of states

first 13 colonies, electors chosen to choose the President and vice-president

the Homestead Act

1862 -> anyone could file for 160 acres of free land that was yours after 5 years if you built a house on it, dug a well, plowed 10 acres, fenced a portion and lived there

Trail of tears

1838, Indian resistance and relocation, a lot of people died

the Middle Passage

cross the Atlantic Ocean; a lot of African slaves did this travel (very dangerous)

Beloved

by Toni Morrison; book where a mother who kills her child during slavery so he doesn't need to live this, the ghost of the child comes back for revolution

I can't breathe

from Metaphor to Materiality and back again; blacks and whites breathe different air; air as a promise of equality

slavery and plantation economy

poor, dehumanized, violence, 12h/ day, hard work, destroyed family, mono-culture and plantationcene

cotton gin

machine which separates cotton and the waste: quicker so they wanted slaves to accelerate production

Underground Railroad

informal network of secret routes and safe houses used by 19th century; black slaves in the US to escape to free states and Canada with the aid of abolitionists who were sympathetic to their cause

maroons

slaves who escaped

Civil War

1861-1865; very mechanical war; Blue (Grant) vs Gray (Lee)

causes of Civil War

-economic and social differences between North and South

-states vs federal government

-slavery: should we keep it?

-abolition movement

-election of Abraham Lincoln

differences/ advantages between North and South

-North: industrialized, railroad, technology, Massive immigration

-South: agriculture, helped by GB (wanted cotton), fighting at home, slave labour

Gettysburg

1863; battle which killed a lot of people

abolition of slavery

1865, not the end of segregation and violence

the Harlem Renaissance

black movement in Harlem, painters and workers worked together

Juneteenth

holiday created by Biden, celebration of the abolition of slavery

plantation

radical simplification; substitution of peoples, crops, microbes, and life forms; forced labor; and, crucially, the disordering of times of generation across species, including human beings

dust bowl

dust storm, impact of humans on the soil

pilgrims

arrived in plymouth colony in 1620; separatists; Mayflower compact; religious freedom

puritans

wanted to purify the Church; education central; Harvard; hard life

quakers

"society of friends"; very tolerant; by William Pen-Pennsylvania; very pacifist; anti-war; against Trump's rules

Amish

close to the land; avoid modern technology; many rules; women at home; no church; hard-working; voted for Trump ("Make milk raw again")

shakers

a new Christ; by Anne Lee in 1770; no property; women had power; it failed

Oneida

communalism (communal property and possession); no exclusivity in marriage

Brook Farm community

1841-1847; industrialization is a problem; quite secular; socialist

New Harmony

equal rights; created libraries; common property

twin oaks community

Virginia; 1967; ecovillage; cooperative; egalitarian

black towns

1910; in Oklahoma made a living; Tulsa and Greenwood

Tulsa race massacre

1921; riots by white supremacists

the Villages

community for old people to occupy them; you buy a lifestyle BUT it takes a lot of land and the way of life is very polluting

RV communities

new wandeing communities; live in their car; were forced to sell their houses in 2008

cohousing

intentional, self-governing, cooperative community where residents live in private homes often clustered around shared space

commune

group of people living together and sharing possessions and responsibilities

cohouseholding

group of homes that include some shared facilities (= areas, rooms, equipment, or services for particular activities)

coliving

multiple individuals share a dwelling

Statue of Liberty

democratic ideas, Emma Lazarus' poem

"Ellis Island"

poem by Joseph Bruchach; his grandparents came as slovaks; statue of liberty a very european thing; writing back to Lazarus' poem

Unrestricted immigration

1492-1874

First Exclusion Law and centralized control of Immigration

1875-1920, excluded prostitutes, criminals and Chinese contract laborers

National Origins Quota System and End of Anti-Asian Exclusion

1921-1964

End of National Origins Quota and creation of Refugee Resettlement

1965-1985

industrialization

a lot of migrants hired to build and industrialized the city

Union Stock Yards

in Chicago, slaughter house (Henry Ford)

Great Gatsby

twenties, self-made man, petromasculinity, cars

Valley of Ashes

about half-way between West Egg and New York the motor road hastily joins the rail road, people live in horrible conditions

rebound effect

deals with the fact that improvements in efficiency often lead to cost reduction that provide the possibility to buy more of the improved product

Jack London

1876-1916, militant, "The road"

gentrification

process in which privileged, typically white individuals move into neighbourhoods that are largely populated by poor and working-class residents who are frequently people of color

gendrification

gentrification often reinforces traditional gender roles ans spatial construction during process of reshaping the labour, housing, commercial and policy landscapes of the city

Beat movement

-rejected, bourgeois ethics, inspired by jazz

-name: they were beaten down by the system; beat of jazz; close to a lot of spirituals movement so close to beatific feelings

Kerouac's "On the road"

1945-1950, depressed, spontaneous unstructured prose, desire to be marginalized

"Thelma and Louise"

suicide (only solution for women), 2 middle-class women, male attitudes, road place of bad encounters, controversial responses, abandon the law

McCarthy's "The road"

book about a father and a son, if you destroy American landscape, struggling to go on (humans can remember), book after 9/11 (reminded America of its fragility)

"Black boy"

book by Richard Wright; street is a site of danger

walkathons

walks to make money

Kentucky 2020

no face, doesn't represent the violence of the fight, bourgeois feminism

Tennessee Suffrage Monument 2016

represents a march, bourgeois, we remember the group

Ripples of change

life-size sculptures of four women, women's rights convention 1848

Gloria Steinem

social activist, Ms Magazine, women's bodies dominated

Women's Rights Pioneers Monument

traditional representation

take back the night

women often feel in danger at night, 1970s

Claudette Colvin

1st to refuse to give her seat in the bus at 15 but too young and too black to represent the movement

1963 Civil Rights Movement

King's non-violent disobedience; MLK "I have a dream" where he talks about his family, very male text

Malcolm X

criticism of the march, nationalism, separatism

Why did the US lost the Vietnam War?

ideology war, they underestimated the North, jungle, massacres, invisible enemy

Judith Butler

non-violence can be forceful, critique of individualism

sacrifice zone

a geographic area that has been permanently impaired by environmental damage where residents are exposed to high level of toxic contamination; considered to be beyond repair

4 stages related to sacrifice zones

-livestock and land management

-energy concept during the 1970s

-indigenous thinkers

-environmental justice concept in the 1990s to the present

livestock and land management

we sacrifice some places; origin of sacrifice zones; spaces where famers concentrated cattle waste in order to protect the remaining pasture land

american sacrifice zones

coal plants; more than 200 000 Americans live in areas where there is a high risk of cancer caused by air pollution; polluting factories concentrated in poor neighborhoods

energy concept during the 1970s

oil crisis so Nikson decided US should have its own energy so fossil fuel companies, nuclear plants and extractive zones

indigenous thinkers

indigenous people affected because they live next to these zones; use uranium; nuclear test sacrifice zones; indigenous people started to fight against sacrifice zones

uranium

no CO2, miners, cancer, water pollution

"The Gadget" Vanden Eynde

reproduces nuclear explosion; most of uranium used for the first nuclear bomb against Hiroshima was in Belgian Congo

environmental justice, toxic waste

dumping sites; fighting against the fact that populations become the victims

slow violence

violence we don't see: waste, trash, commercial wars

"This changes everything" book

clash between our capitalist system and the climate crisis; sacrifice zone refers both to damaged environments and unprotected workers

"Silent Spring" book

biodiversity sacrificed turned into poetry; detrimental effects of pesticide

the buffalo

central to indigenous population; almost extinct in 19th century; you could eat it for months